Couples

?
Domestic division of Labour
the roles men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work
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Which sociologist believes in expressive and instrumental roles?
Parsons
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What does the Expressive role and instrumental role mean?
Instrumental (husband) - Breadwinner
Expressive (wife) - 'homemaker'
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What does Parsons argue the division of labour is based off?
Off biological differences and is beneficial for every member of society.
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Give 2 critics of Parsons view?
-Young and Willimott (1969) - belives it's outdated as many families now have symmetrical roles
-feminists argue that the division of labour is not natural as it only benefits men (patriarchal)
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Who distinguishes between two types of conjugal roles?
Elizabeth Bott (1957)
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What are these roles?
Segregated conjugal roles (separate roles and spend leisure time separately)
Joint conjugal roles (symmetrical roles spend leisure time together)
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Which study by Young and Willmott supports botts view?
A study of w/c extended families in east London 1950s. Found men were breadwinners and spent leisure time in the pub. Women were homemakers and the little leisure time they had was spend with female kin
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Who believes in the 'March of progress' view with the increase in the symmetrical families?
Young and Willmott (1973)
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Give 3 reasons why they have the March of progress view?
1. Women now work (67% 2014)
2. Men help with housework and childcare
3. Couples now spend leisure time together
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What social changes did they find that contributed to symmetrical roles especially for younger more affluent couples?
1. Changing position of women
2. Geographically mobile (move away from communities they grew up in)
3. new technology (labour-saving devices)
4. Higher standards of living
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Why do feminists argue little change has been made as women still do the majority of household tasks?
Because society is Male dominated and patriarchal due to social institutions and norms
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What feminist criticises Young and Willmott (1973)?
Ann Oakely ( 1974)
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What were Oakelys 3 main criticisms?
1. No evidence for symmetry in domestic tasks
2. Only 15% of husbands helped in housework and 25% in childcare
3. Husbands who did share childcare only took part in pleasurable tasks
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Who found that mothers take main responsibility for child's welfare and a father may just help in specific tasks?
Boutlon (1983)
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What did Warde and Hetherington (1993) find?
sex-typing of domestic tasks remained strong in their manchester sample but, did find a slight change in attitudes in younger men in domestic tasks
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Who and what criticism of the Feminist view of housework?
Rushing and Powell (2015) found the dynamic of stay at home mother and working father provided a positive parent and child relationship as it enhanced parenting cohesion.
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What did the number of fathers being in an expressive role rise from 1993-2017?
111,000 to 262,000
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How many families have a stay at home dad
1.2%
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Are Couples becoming more equal?
1. Impact of paid work
2. Responsibility of children
3. Taking responsibility for 'quality time'
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Give 2 sociologists/evidence of paid work leading to equality and the 'new man'
- Gershuny (1994) Mothers work full time, men do more chores
- Sullivan (2000) Women do less domestic labour if employed, men do more if she is. Men also have to changing attitudes to traditionally female tasks.
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Give evidence against ( evidence of a duel burden - feminists)
The British Social attitudes survey (2013) - couples divide household tasks on traditional gender views - found little evidence of the 'new man', found women 2X more housework and childcare than men.
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What does Bouton (1983) say about taking responsibility for children?
Usually, a mother takes responsibility for the child's security and wellbeing
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Who argues women perform a 'triple shift' of housework, paid work and emotional work?
Duncombe and Marsden (1995)
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Provide 2 examples of evidence of fathers taking less responsibility of children
Braun, Vincent and Ball (2011)-only 3 in 70 families men were the main carer
Dex and Ward (2007) found less than 1% of fathers took the main responsibility
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Who argues mothers take responsibility for quality time?
Southerton (2011)
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Gender division of labour
Crompton and Lyonette
(2008) identify cultural and material explnations for gender division of labour
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The cultural explanation of the gender division of labour?
Determined by patriarchal norms in our culture.
Such as society expecting to do domestic tasks and being reinforced by gendered jobs, toys, tv , expectations
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Who found couples who had an equal relationship are more likely to share housework equally?
Gershuny (1994)
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Provide 2 other pieces of evidence for a cultural explanation?
Kan(2001)generational shift as younger do more domestic work
Dunne (1999) no gender scripts so lesbian couples have more symmetrical relationships
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What is the material explanation for the gender division of labour?
Women earn less than men so more economically beneficial they do housework and childcare and that men are the breadwinner.
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Provide examples for the material explanation
Men have more access to senior roles and women do more PT work, pay gap, discrimination and are more likely to give up work;.
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What did Kan (2001) find
Thay for every £10,000 a year more a woman earns she does 2 hours less of housework per week.
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Who found M/C women were able to buy more labour-saving devices?
Archer and Ginnn (1995)
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Give 2 other pieces of evidence for the material explanation?
-Ramos(2003) when women are the full-time breadwinner and women are unemployed he does as much domestic work
-In 7/8 households men earn more
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Resources and decision making in households
(men breadwinner so typically have more control)
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What 3 things do Barrat and Mcintosh (1991) argue?
- men get more from women's domestic labour than women give in finance
- when men give women money its often unpredictable and come with strings attached
-Men usually make decisions about spending on important items thus, women often live in poverty as t
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Summerise the 2 money management systems from which sociologists?
Pahl and Vogler (Feminist)
Allowance system ( men give women allowance which they must budget and meet families needs while they retain a surplus income.)
Pooling ( eg joint bank account)
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Who found important decisions such as finance go to men and less important such as home décor go to women and important decisions such as childcare, holidays and education are made jointly?
Engells(1989) and it was because men earned more
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Criticise the decision making view
Genshuny (2000) found 70% of couples have an equal say in decision if women earn more
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Summerise the cultural explanation (feminists) of resources and decision making
Argue inequalities are not just because of earnings but patriarchal society and culture-defining men as decision makers
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Summerise the personal life perspective
Smart(2007) found same-sex couples give less meaning to who controls the money but just whoever wanted to and thus, suggest we should look at the meaning behind money management before we judge it as unequal.
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What did Kathryn Coleman et al (2007) find
Women were more likely to experience 'intimate violence' across 4 types of abuse (partner, family, sexual, stalking)
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What did Black (1999) find?
99% of all incidents against women were committed by men
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Give 2 stats on domestic violence
Domestic violence counts for between 1/6 to 1/4 of all recorded violent crime
1 in 4 women is assaulted by her partner at some point (6.6 per year)
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On average how many assaults does it take the average woman to report abuse and which sociologist finds it?
35 and Yearnshire(1997)
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What does BSC find?
that under 1/3 of assaults are reported and is the violent crime that is least likely to be reported is domestic violence
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Why is there under-recording?
The police are unwilling to record domestic violence as they believe its a private sphere and individuals are free to leave
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Why can't individuals always leave if unhappy?
financial dependence
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Why do radical feminists believe domestic violence is the result of patriarchy?
Though men benefitting from women's unpaid domestic labour and sexual services and men dominating the state such as court and police so fail to take domestic violence seriously
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who found the there is still cultural support that men still have the 'right' to 'discipline' their wives and men are economically dependent due to low paid jobs so cannot leave husbands
Dobash and Dobash (1992)
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Give a criticism for the radical feminist view of domestic violence
Elliot (1996), not all men are aggressive and oppresse women through violence and some get domestically abused by women
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Which sociologist provides the materialistic view that the stress of living on low income and overcrowded houses increased the risk of domestic violence?
Wilikinson
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Give a criticism of Wilkinson
She does not explain why women are at greater risk of domestic violence
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Which sociologist believes in expressive and instrumental roles?

Back

Parsons

Card 3

Front

What does the Expressive role and instrumental role mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does Parsons argue the division of labour is based off?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Give 2 critics of Parsons view?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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