Control of Human Movement

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  • Created by: Ems9
  • Created on: 20-01-21 15:44
Define Fitt's Law
relationship between duration and Log(2A/W)
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In relation to the 2/3rd power law what happens to speed as the curvature increases?
Decreases
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The transformation from x,y,z coordinates into joint angles is called what?
inverse kinematics
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Define redundancy
when there is multiple solutions for a single transformation
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Calculating the torque required for a movement refers to what?
inverse dynamics
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What are the 7 stages of feedback control?
Desired state, comparator, feedback, activator, sensor, input processing, and sensed state
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What is required for voluntary movement planning?
higher level cortical control
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Variability in movement is caused by?
errors, variability in transformations and signal dependent noise
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In what space does the body plan movement in?
end effector space
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What is the difference between the inverse model and forward model?
inverse model determines motor command that will produce desired behaviour whereas forward model uses an efferent copy to work out what would happen with a set motor command
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Do neurones code for final reach position or movement path
Final reach position
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how long is the sensorimotor delay?
around 200ms
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How does the body compensate for delays in feedback?
Intermittency (wait for feedback) and prediction
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What is the forward model?
where a efference copy is sent to the body anodised for prediction befor sensory feedback
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Evidence for forward model
during arm extension an error is made when the bicep is activated first, the time between the error and correction is 45ms which is too quick for sensory feedback
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What are the two types of sensory feedback in the observer model?
expected and unexpected sensory feedback
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increased gain in the observer model means prediction is used over sensory feedback. true or false?
False
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What is declarative memory?
names, dates, facts which can be explicitly explained and requires repetition
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What happens in the after effect of the force field adaptation?
error occurs in the opposite direction to early post exposure
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Explain the look up table model
The brain memorises all muscle actions in individual tables
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Define the stretch reflex model
Muscles are keep at the desired length, movement then occurs by combining stretch reflexes
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What hypothesis uses a virtual equilibrium point to control movement?
Equilibrium point hypothesis
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How does the optimal control model minimise cost from resultant action?
Optimise smooth movement, reduce jerky movement
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What causes signal dependant noise?
large signals and movement produce excess signal noise
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What types of resistance are present in a neuron?
Rl (resistance along neuron length) and Rm (medial resistance)
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What causes voltage decay?
space constant and time constant
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Define medial capacitance
ability for a neuron to store charge
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During chemical and electrical gradients of a neuron what ion moves out?
K+
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Which way do ions move in the sodium potassium pump?
sodium moves out and potassium moves in
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What triggers the stretch reflex?
knee tendon tap
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How to increase muscle twitch force?
increase firing frequency of motor units and recruit more motor units
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What does an EMG measure?
summation of action potentials from multiple motor units
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Explain the difference between high frequency and low frequency fatigue
High frequency fatigue is cause by an artificial continuous high frequency stimulation. The muscle recovers immediately once stimulations has stopped and is reduces the EMG signal. Whereas low frequency fatigue is damage to the muscles by intense exercise
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What does the size of the superimposed twitch mean?
It shows the number of motor units not recruited during voluntary contraction
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What part of the neuron fibre is found in the grey matter of the spinal cord?
Cell bodies
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Where does sensory information enter the spinal cord?
Dorsal root
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List the four sections of the spine
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral
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What is the function of the corticospinal tract?
Precise control of the limbs and manual dexterity
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During the Babinski reflex what happens to someone with an abnormal corticospinal tract?
toes extend and fan out
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Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?
Red nucleus
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What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
Compensate for damage to the corticospinal tract
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What is the function of the Reticulospinal tract?
To carry vestibularspinal tract information, control postural adjustments and balance
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What are the areas of the primary motor cortex?
Premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex and Broca's area
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What is TMS used for?
To produce a motor map of the brain, showing which muscles relate to which motor areas
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Where does input from the basal ganglia go to?
Striatum (Caudate and Putamen)
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Where does the basal ganglia output come from?
internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata
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The direct path of the motor loop decreases gamma cortical drive. true or false?
False
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The indirect path of the motor loop inhibited movement. true or false?
True
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What are the main characteristics of Huntingtons disease?
involuntary rapid jerky movements
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Which pathway is in overdrive in Huntington's disease? Indirect or direct motor loop
Direct path
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What causes Parkinson's disease?
up regulation of indirect pathway leading to a loss of dopamine
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What percentage of the brains neurone are found in the cerebellum?
80%
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Where does the input for the cerebellum come from?
Climbing and mossy fibres
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What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
regulate balance, eye movement and coordinate head and eye movement
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What is the function of the spinocerebellum?
control posture, locomotion and eye movement
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What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?
increase internal feedback and mental rehearsal of complex actions
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What are the 3 types of dysfunction of the cerebellum?
Ataxia, dysmetria and DDK
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Why does hearing at high frequencies decrease as individuals get older?
Hair cells within the ear die
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What are the three bones within the ear?
malleus, incus and stapes
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Why is the stapedius reflex important?
To prevent damage to the oval window
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Define pitch place theory
different parts of the cochlea respond to different frequencies meaning sound doesn't alway travel to the helicotrema
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Where is differences in loudness and timing detected?
Superior olive
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How do we detect direction of a sound?
timing differences between ears
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Where does the image sit in myopia?
In front of the retina
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Where does the image sit in hypermetropia?
Behind the retina
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Which muscles control the pupil?
Sphincter papillae and dilator muscle
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How is a neural signal formed from photopigments?
Bleaching
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What occurs during the bleaching of rhodopsin?
photon of light causes the pigment to split into opsin and retinal
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How does the eye adapt to luminance?
change in pupil size, change photoreceptors, dark adaptation and field adaptation
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How long does it take for photopigments to regenerate in dark adaptation?
Rods take 30 mins and cones take 5-10 mins
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How do hair cells respond to sound?
they detect movement in otolith organs and semicircular canals and move to deflect cilia
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Which otolith organ sits vertically and which sits horizontally?
Saccule sits vertically and utricle sits horizontally
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How does the vestibular ocular reflex respond so quickly?
It only has 3 neurone and 2 synapse
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What is the healthy response to galvanic vestibular stimulation?
balance response and small eye movements
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

In relation to the 2/3rd power law what happens to speed as the curvature increases?

Back

Decreases

Card 3

Front

The transformation from x,y,z coordinates into joint angles is called what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define redundancy

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Calculating the torque required for a movement refers to what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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