Name the factors that affect blood glucose concentration
*Amount of carbohydrates digested from diet *Rate of glycogenolysis *Rate of gluconeogenesis
1 of 14
Define gylcogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis - liver converts glucose into glycogen Glycogenolysis - liver hydrolyses glycogen into glucose which can diffuse into blood Gluconeogenesis - liver converts glycerol and amino acids into glucose
2 of 14
Outline the role of glucagon when blood glucose concentration decreases
1)Alpha cells in Islets of langerhans in pancreas detect decrease and secret glucagon. 2)Glucagon binds to surface receptors on liver cells & activates enzymes for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. 3)Glucose diffuses from liver into bloodstream
3 of 14
Outline the role of adrenaline when blood glucose concentration decreases
1)Adrenal glands produce adrenaline. Binds to surface receptors on liver cells. Activates enzymes for glycogenolysis. 2)Glucose diffuses from liver into the bloodstream
4 of 14
Outline what happens when blood glucose concentration increases
1)Beta cells in Islets of Langerhans in pancreas detect increase and secret insulin. 2) Binds to surface receptors on target cells to a) Increase glucose uptake b) activates enzymes for glycogenesis c)Stimulates adipose tissue to synthesis fat
5 of 14
Describe how insulin leads to a decrease in blood glucose concentration
*Increases permeability of cells to glucose *Increases glucose conc. gradient * Triggers inhibition of enzymes for glycogenolysis
6 of 14
How does insulin increases cells permeability to glucose?
* Increases number of GLUT 4 carrier proteins on surface membrane. *Triggers a change in shape of these proteins that forces them to open
7 of 14
How does insulin increase glucose concentration gradient?
*Activates enzymes for glycogenesis in liver and muscles. *Stimulates fat synthesis in adipose tissue
8 of 14
Use the second messenger model to explain how glucagon and adrenaline work
1)Hormone-receptor complex forms 2)Change of receptor shape activates GLUT 4 3)Activates adenylate cyclase that converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) 4)cAMP activates protein kinase A pathway 5)Results in glycogenolysis
9 of 14
Explain the causes of Type 1 diabetes and how it can be controlled
Body cannot produce insulin (due to autoimmune response which attack b-cells of islet of langerhans). Treated by injections of insulin
10 of 14
Explain the causes of Type 2 diabetes and how it can be controlled
*Glycoprotein receptors damaged or become less responsive to insulin. Strong, positive correlation with poor diet/obesity. Treated by controlling diet and exercise regime
11 of 14
Name some signs and symptoms of diabetes
*High blood glucose conc. *Glucose in urine *Blurred vision *Sudden weight loss
12 of 14
Suggest how a student could produce a desired concentration of glucose solution from a stock solution
Vol of stock solution = required conc. x final vol. needed / conc. stock solution. Volume of distilled water = final vol. needed - vol. of stock solution
13 of 14
Outline how colorimetry could be used to identify the glucose conc. in sample
1)Benedict's test on solutions of known glucose conc. Use colorimeter to read absorbancy 2)Plot calibration curve 3)Benedicts test on unknown sample. Use calibration curve to read glucose conc. at its absorbance value
14 of 14
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Define gylcogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Back
Glycogenesis - liver converts glucose into glycogen Glycogenolysis - liver hydrolyses glycogen into glucose which can diffuse into blood Gluconeogenesis - liver converts glycerol and amino acids into glucose
Card 3
Front
Outline the role of glucagon when blood glucose concentration decreases
Back
Card 4
Front
Outline the role of adrenaline when blood glucose concentration decreases
Back
Card 5
Front
Outline what happens when blood glucose concentration increases
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