Acidified (with sulphuric acid) sodium/potassium dichromate, reflux to oxidise all the way (if primary goes to carboxylic acid), distil to stop at aldehyde
3 of 21
Halogenoalkanes + aqueous hydroxide or water
Reflux
4 of 21
Halogenoalkanes + alcoholic KOH
Reflux and heat
5 of 21
Halogenoalkanes + alcoholic NH3
conc./excess ammonia to reduce chances of further substitution, heat, sealed tube
6 of 21
Esterification of carboxylic acid (adding an alcohol)
acidic conditions, reflux
7 of 21
Acyl chloride and ammonia
Ammonia must be concentrated
8 of 21
Acid hydrolysis of esters
Acid catalyst, reflux
9 of 21
Base hydrolysis of esters
Boil with KOH or NaOH
10 of 21
Reduction of alcohols
LiAlH4 in dry ether (reducing agent)
11 of 21
Addition of HCN to carbonyls
KCN in cold alkaline conditions
12 of 21
Formation of 'iodoform' (triiodomethane) from carbonyls
1st step: NaOH, warm. 2nd step: excess NaOH
13 of 21
Substitution reaction of bromine with benzene
FeBr3 catalyst
14 of 21
Nitration of benzene
1st step: conc. H2SO4, 50º. 2nd step: HNO3, >55º
15 of 21
Sulphonation of benzene
Fuming sulphuric acid and extra SO3
16 of 21
Friedel Crafts alkylation
AlCl3 catalyst
17 of 21
Friedel Crafts acylation
AlCl3 catalyst
18 of 21
Addition hydrogen to benzene
Raney Ni catalyst, 150º
19 of 21
Nitrobenzene to phenylamine
Sn and conc. HCl
20 of 21
Formation of azo dyes: making the nitrous acid
5º or less
21 of 21
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Nickel catalyst, 150º
Back
Hydrogenation of alkenes
Card 3
Front
Acidified (with sulphuric acid) sodium/potassium dichromate, reflux to oxidise all the way (if primary goes to carboxylic acid), distil to stop at aldehyde
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