Civil War: Politics and Crushing of Opposition (2)

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  • Created by: AshyBoy
  • Created on: 09-09-18 22:12
What sparked the Civil War?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of March 1918.
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What group strengthened the already established resistance to the Bolsheviks power?
The Czech Legion
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Where did they come from and how many where there?
They were nationalists that wanted to fight the Austro-Hungarians in order to gain their countries independence so when Russia sued for peace they were going to France to help the war effort there. There were 35,000 troops.
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Why did they support the whites?
The Czech Legion helped because the whites promised the legion that they would rejoin the war after they secured power in Russia.
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Why did the Allies (Britain, France, America) support the whites?
The allies helped because they saw Communism as a threat to capitalism; they wanted Russia to rejoin the war and help their fight and also because the Bolsheviks refused to pay back the nations pre-revolution debts during the times of the Tsar.
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How many Cossack's did the White Army have?
40,000
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What was Lenin and Trotsky's reaction to the civil war?
They welcomed it. In their view the civil war was a necessary part of the class struggle. Lenin viewed it as a chance to build the party's numbers and power while polarising the country and extending his military and political power.
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How many Tsarists officers were recruited into the Red Army and why?
75,000. Trotsky said that it was to increase the discipline of the Army and because of the officers' expertise.
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Why else were they recruited? (Views on the peasantry)
It was also in part due to the fact that with mass conscription's came an army with alot of peasantry which Lenin believed to be a hostile social force. (Shows Lenin's contempt of the peasantry and belief that they should be controlled.)
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How many peasants joined the Red Army and why?
Out of 275,000 only 40,000 showed up due to the Bolsheviks not having a strong military infrastructure in the countryside to coerce the peasants to show up.
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How can some suggest that the dictatorship depend on the cultural revolution in the countryside?
The countryside (volost) Soviets were the key to controlling the peasants as it was obvious that economic policies would not be enough to suppress the historically rebellious peasantry.
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How were the peasants put in line?
The Bolsheviks dominated all the Soviets in Russia and turned them into bureaucratic organs of the party to control the population. In the volost Soviets young literate peasants dominated the Soviets as they were well versed in Socialist ideology.
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What percentage of the Volga Soviet executive members were literate peasants under the age of 35?
2/3
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Why did Lenin and Stalin hate the peasantry?
They were not part of the urban proletariat upon which communism based, they were conservative and religious, they were outside the control of the central party power base cities and they controlled the food/had the true power over the population.
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What was the RSFSR?
The decree that the supreme power in Russia rested with the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and they chose the members of the Sovnarkom.
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In what ways was this a undemocratic and unjust system?
The Bourgeoisie didn't get a vote; the workers' vote was worth five times as more than the peasant (class war on peasantry), the structure was centralised so the Sovnarkom was actually chosen by the Bolshevik Party and all the power was theirs.
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What was the Politburo? (1919)
It was a theoretical sub-committee which was the real centralised authority of Russia. It controlled the parties policy (which when combined with the faction ban meant they controlled EVERYTHING). The Politburo consisted of 7-9 key original members.
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How could one say that the party mirrored the government?
The lower levels of government were the only places where elected representatives could reach. The upper levels were party members only and if you sat at the party Politburo then you sat at the Sovnarkom too. This is centralised bureaucratic power.
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When was the attempted assassination on Lenin?
August 1918
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What happened as a result of this?
Fanny Kaplan (the assassin), was accused of working for the right wing SR's and was the driving force of the Red Terror spurred on by the parranoic theory that it was surrounded by a well connected ring of internal and external enemies.
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What was the Red Terror?
A propaganda/violence campaign aimed to shutdown those who resisted the authority of the Bolsheviks.
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How many 'bourgeoisie hostages' were arrested?
5,000
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What was Trotsky's argument for the advocation of using Terror to dominate the people?
That it was necessary to get rid of a class that was "doomed to destruction which does not wish to perish". And that without it the "bourgeoisie would throttle us long before the coming of the revolution in Europe."
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How many people by the end of the Bolshevik regime died as a result of the Red Terror?
1 million
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Why did the Czech Legion stop fighting for the White Army?
After the end of the war (11/11/1918), they saw no reason to fight.
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When an army of 100,000 men marched on Volga where the Bolsheviks were suppressing a peasant uprising who did the peasants help?
The Red Army
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Why?
Because they were a fraid that if the whites won and took over government that they would take away the land that the peasants seized in the revolution and so they preferred the oppression of the Red's to having their land being taken away.
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What were the peasants' response to the mass requisitions of their food?
They formed bands of armed men and chased away soldiers sent to collect the food.
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What are examples of these peasant armies?
Mahkno's in Ukraine and Antonov's rebel force in Tambov
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What was the Workers' Opposition?
In 1920 a workers' opposition had emerged within the party to defend the rights of the unions in management and resist the bureaucrats and bourgeoisie specialist put in charge of the factory's
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How did Lenin deal with them?
On the 8th of March 1921 the Tenth Party Congress assembled and voted to ban factionalism.
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What did this mean?
It meant that now Lenin could by law suppress and even kill/imprison any party member who did not agree with the parties core principles (who didn't listen to Lenin) as they would be charged with the wide and general blanket of factionalism.
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Who were the Kronstadt Navy?
They played a key part in the revolution
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What did they do?
They were demanding the overthrow of the Bolshevik dictatorship and they elected in new non-communist members of their Soviet.
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How did the Bolsheviks respond?
Trotsky took command of the suppression and in March 7th 1921 an assault began with a bombardment of the naval base.
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What was the end result?
2,500 sailors were shot without trial and hundreds of others sent to prison.
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What did this mutiny lead Lenin to thinking?
The Kronstadt Navy were the Bolshevik's fiercest supporters and Lenin thought that if they had reached their limit then how long before the rest of the country did as well.
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What was the NEP?
The General Food Levy of 1919 had caused a sea of peasant uprisings in 1921 so Lenin, in an attempt to protect the Bolsheviks from revolution introduced the NEP which allowed farmers to keep some of their produce to sell for profit.
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What did this result in?
Small traders called Nepmen were allowed to set up businesses and sell produce. At the same time, local nationalities were allowed to bring back their own language and customs. Churches, mosques and bazaars were reopened.
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What did some Bolsheviks see this as?
They saw it as Lenin selling out to capitalism.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What group strengthened the already established resistance to the Bolsheviks power?

Back

The Czech Legion

Card 3

Front

Where did they come from and how many where there?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Why did they support the whites?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Why did the Allies (Britain, France, America) support the whites?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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