Chemistry Definitions
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- Created by: DaveMorris1
- Created on: 06-05-13 01:55
Hydrocarbon
a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
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Homologous Series
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
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Functional Group
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
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Saturated
containing single bonds only
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Unsaturated
containing at least one carbon to carbon multiple bond
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Empirical Formula
the smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
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Molecular Formula
the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
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Structural Isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but with a different structural formula
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Stereoisomers
compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space
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E/Z Isomerism
an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted bond rotation about a doble bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon of the C=C group
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Cis-Trans Isomerism
a special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups are the same
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Fractional Distillation
the separation of a liquid mixture into fractions with different boiling points
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Catalytic Cracking
the breaking down of a long chained alkane to form more useful (shorter chained) alkanes and alkenes
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Biofuel
fuel derived from recently living material such as plants or from the waste of animals
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'Curly Arrow'
the movement of an electron pair, showing either the breaking or formation of a covalent bond
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Radical
a species with an unpaired election
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Homolytic Fission
the breaking of a covalent bond where the shared pair of electrons is split equally, forming two radicals
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Heterolytic Fission
the breaking of a covalent bond where the shared pair of electrons is not split equally, forming a cation and an anion
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Electrophile
electron pair acceptor
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Nucleophile
electron pair donor
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Exothermic
heat is given out to the surroundings (the reactants lose energy)
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Endothermic
heat is taken in from the surroundings (the reactants gain energy)
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Activation Energy
the minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds
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Standard Conditions
a pressure of 100kPa (1 atmosphere), a temperature of 298K (25⁰C) and a concentration of 1.0mol/dm³ (for reactions with aqueous solutions)
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(Standard) Enthalpy Change of Reaction
the enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation (under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states)
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(Standard) Enthalpy Change of Formation
the enthalpy change that takes place when one mol of a compound is formed from it's constituent elements (in their standard states, under standard conditions)
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(Standard) Enthalpy Change of Combustion
the enthalpy change that takes place when one mol of a substance reacts completely with oxygen (under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states)
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Average Bond Enthalpy
the average enthalpy change that takes place when breaking, by homolytic fission, one mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species
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Catalyst
speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the overall reaction
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Volatility
the ease that a liquid turns into a gas (increases as boiling point decreases)
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Dynamic Equilibrium
the equilibrium that exists in a closed system when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
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le Chatelier's Principle
when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to change, the position of equilibrium will shift to minimise the change
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Atom Economy
(Molecular mass of desired product) / (Molecular mass of the sum of products) *100%
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
Back
Homologous Series
Card 3
Front
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
Back
Card 4
Front
containing single bonds only
Back
Card 5
Front
containing at least one carbon to carbon multiple bond
Back
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