Relative Atomic Masses, Physical and Chemical Properties
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Modern Periodic Table Arrangement
Atomic (proton) Number, Electronic Structures
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Products of Ammonia
Hydrogen, Nitrogen
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Removing Permanent Hardness from Water
Add Sodium Hydroxide - reacts with Calcium and Magnesium Ions to form Calcium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide precipitates. Or put in an Ion Exchange Column containing Sodium or Hydrogen ions to displace Magnesium and Calcium Ions.
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Water for Best Lather
Soft
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Exothermic Reaction
Energy Transferred to the Surroundings. Best at Low Temperatures
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Exothermic Reactions and Bonds
Energy Released from MAKING new bonds is greater than the energy required to BREAK existing bonds
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Endothermic Reactions
Take in Energy from the Surroundings. Best at high temperatures
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Endothermic Reactions and Bonds
Energy required to BREAK existing bonds is greater than the energy released from FORMING new bonds
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Haber Process
Iron Catalyst - 450*C - 200ATMs - Purified Nitrogen and Hydrogen - react to form Ammonia - Cooled - Ammonia Liquefies and is Removed - Remaining Products are Recycled
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Carboxylic Acids Functional Group
COOH
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Alcohols Functional Group
OH
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Properties of Methanol, Ethanol and Propanol
Dissolve in Water to form Neutral Solutions, Burn in Air, React with Sodium Hydroxide to produce Hydrogen, Are used as Fuels and Solvents
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Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid (+ acid catalyst) =
Ester
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Carboxylic Acid Properties
Dissolve in Water to form Acidic Solutions, React with Carbonates to produce Carbon Dioxide, WEAK as only Partly Ionise in Aqueous Solutions
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Esters Functional Group
COO
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Uses of Esters
Perfumes and Flavourings due to Distinctive Smells
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Making Vinegar
Ethanol is Oxidised to Ethanoic Acid - This is done using Chemical Oxidising Agents OR Microbiological Action
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Advantages of Hard Water
Contains Dissolved Calcium Ions - These are good for the Development and Maintenance of Bones and Teeth as well as Reducing Heart Disease
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Disadvantages of Hard Water
Form Scum (with Soap) - So Lots of Soap needed for a Good Lather. Form Scale on Kettles and Heating Systems - Decreases Efficiency, thus Increasing Cost
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Substance(s) in Temporary Hard Water
Hydrogencarbonate Ions
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Transition Element Properties
Strong and Hard with High Melting Points and High Densities (compared to alkali metals). Form Coloured Compounds
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Uses of Transition Elements
Catalysts e.g. Iron
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Copper (II) + Sodium Hydroxide(aq) =
Blue Precipitate
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Iron (II) + Sodium Hydroxide(aq) =
Green Precipitate
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Iron (III) + Sodium Hydroxide(aq) =
Brown Precipitate
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Carbonates + Dilute Acids =
Carbon Dioxide
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Carbon Dioxide + Limewater =
White Precipitate (Limewater turns Cloudy)
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Aluminium OR Calcium OR Magnesium + Sodium Hydroxide(aq) =
Add Sodium Hydroxide - reacts with Calcium and Magnesium Ions to form Calcium Hydroxide and Magnesium Hydroxide precipitates. Or put in an Ion Exchange Column containing Sodium or Hydrogen ions to displace Magnesium and Calcium Ions.
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