They are alkane series that contain a halogen in it.
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How to name halogenalkanes.
They are named by first putting the prefix of the halogen before the name of the alkane e.g. chloroethane. The halogen is also put in alphabetical order e.g. 3-bromo-1-chlorobutane.
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Physical properties of halogenalkanes.
Their boiling points increases with a heavier halogen atom(e.g. iodine has a higher boiling point that fluorine) or increase in number of atoms(e.g. Cl4 is will have a higher boiling point than Cl 2)
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Chemical properties of halogenalkanes.
The bond strength decreases down the group, therefore reactivity increases.
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Reactions of halogenalkanes.
Homolytic fission, heterolytic fission and nucleophilic subsitution
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Homolytic fission
It forms radicals. Occurs when halogenalkanes reach the stratosphere and absorb radiation.
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Heterolytic fission
When halogenalkanes reactions are carried out in a polar solvent (like ethanol and water) a negative halide ion is formed with a carbocation.
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Nucleophilic substitution
Takes place between a halogenalkane and a hydroxide ion and forms alcohol. the C-halogen atom is replaced by a nucleophile.
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What is Nucleophile?
A nucleophile is a molecule or negatively charged ion with one or more lone pairs.
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Mechanism for a nucleophilic substitution
The nucleophile is attacked by the partially positive carbon and forms new bonds with the lone pairs in the nucleophile and the carbon-halogen bond breaks and gives a halide ion.
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Front
How to name halogenalkanes.
Back
They are named by first putting the prefix of the halogen before the name of the alkane e.g. chloroethane. The halogen is also put in alphabetical order e.g. 3-bromo-1-chlorobutane.
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