chemistry topic 7

1.what is a hydrocarbon?
2. what are alkenes?
3. what are the first 4 alkenes?

1. any compound formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
2. a simple hydrocarbon- homologous series- saturated compounds each atom forms four single covalent bonds.
3. methane, ethane, propane and butane

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1. what happens to the properties of a hydrocarbon when its short?
2. when does complete combustion occur?
3. what happens during the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
4. what is the formula for this?
5.what is the name of the process that the carbon d

1.its less viscous (gloopy) and runny as well as being more flammable
2, when there's plenty of oxygen
3. lots of energy is released and the only waste products are carbon dioxide and water vapour.
4.hydrocarbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
(+ energ

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6.why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?
7.what is crude oil?
8. what can be used to separate hydrocarbon fractions?
9. what is crude oil made up of?

6. due to the amount of energy released when they combust completely
7. crude oil is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals that died and were buried in mud. after years the high temp and pressure turned it to crude oil
8. fractional

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10. how does fractional distillation separate crude oil?

10. oil is heated until mostly turned to gas.
the gases enter a fractionating column where there is a temperature gradient (hottest at the bottom)
the longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points and condense back into liquids, draining out of the collu

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1. what are some uses of crude oil in modern life?
2. why do you get such a variety of products?
3. what does cracking mean?

1.fuel for transport, in the petrochemical industry to make new compounds etc
2. because carbon atoms can bond together to form different groups called the homologous series. these contain similar compounds with many common properties.
3.splitting up long

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1. what is cracking?
2. describe this process.
3. what are the two types of cracking?

1.a thermal decomposition reaction - breaking molecules down by heating them.
2.long chain molecules are heated and vapourised, which is passed over a hot powered aluminium oxide catalyst. the molecules split apart .
3. catalytic cracking and steam cracki

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1. what bonds do alkenes have?
2. what does this mean?
3.what makes alkenes more reactive?
4. what are the first 4 alkenes?
5. what is the general formula for alkenes?

1. c=c double bond
2. alkenes have two fewer hydrogens compared with alkenes containing the same number of carbon atoms. making them unsaturated.
3. the c=c bond can open up and make a single bond allowing the two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms.
4.

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1. what happens when you burn alkenes?
2. what is the formula for this?
3. what flame does incomplete combustion give?

1. there isn't enough oxygen for complete combustion so they undergo incomplete combustion
2. alkene + oxygen . carbon +carbon monoxide +carbon dioxide + water ( + energy)
3. a smoky yellow flame and less energy.

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1. what is a functional group?
2.generally, how do alkenes react?
3. what is hydrogenation?
4. describe the process of hydrogenation

1. a group of atoms in a molecule that determine how the molecule reacts.
2. via addition reactions
3. the addition of hydrogen
4. hydrogen reacts with the double bonded carbon to open up the double bond and form the equivalent saturated alkane. the alke

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5. what happens when alkenes react with steam?
6. whats an example of this?
7. how can the alcohol be purified?
8. what happens when halogens react with alkenes?

5. water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed.
6.ethanol can be made by mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a catalyst.
7. using fractional distillation
8.in addition reactions, this can happen by the molecules formed are sat

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1. how can you test for alkenes?
2. how does this work?

1. by the addition of bromine
2. when orange bromine water is added to a saturated compound no reaction will happen and it will remain orange. but when added to an alkene, bromine will add across the double bond making a colourless compound.

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1. what are polymers?
2. what is this reaction called?
3. what are plastics made up of?
4.what are addition polymers made of?
5.how does additional polymerisation happen?

1. long molecules formed when lots of monomers join together.
2. polymerisation
3. polymers (usually carbon based) with (usually monomers that are alkenes.
4. unsaturated monomers with a double covalent bond.
5. lots of unsaturated monomer molecules (alke

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6.how do you draw the repeating unit of a polymer?

6. draw the two alkene carbons and replace the double bond with a single bond, and add and extra single bond to each of the carbons. complete the rest of the groups, add a bracket and an n to show there are lots.

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7. how do you get the displayed formula of the monomer?
8. what is the general form of an alcohol?
9. what are the first four in the homologous group?
10.what are the similar properties of these four?

7. do the opposite:
8.C.nH.2n+1OH
9. methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
10. they're flammable, undergo complete combustion to produce air, react with sodium and can be oxidised to produce a carboxylic acid.

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11.what are alcohols used as?
12. how can ethanol be made?
13. what is the formula for fermentations?
14. what temperature does this happen at fastest?
15what other conditions?

11. solvents and fuels
12. by fermentation
13. sugar (yeast) -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
14. 37
15. slightly acidic and under anaerobic conditions.

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1.what group do carboxylic acids have?
2. what are the first four?
3.how do they react?
4. what happens when they dissolve in water?
5. what group are esters?
6. how are they formed?

1. -COOH
2. methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic, and butanoic
3.with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide.
4. they ionise and release H+ ions resulting in a weak acidic solution
5.-COO-
6. from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

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7. what is the equation for an ester?
8. how can polymers be made?
9. what is condensation polymerisation?

7. alcohol + carboxylic acid >(acid catalyst)> ester + water
8. condensation polymerisation
9. monomers containing different functional groups that react together and bonds form between them making polymer chains. for each new bond, a small molecule is lo

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1. what functional groups do amino acids contain
2. what are proteins?
3. what type of polymers are DNA molecules made of?
4. how can simple sugars form polymers?

1. an amino group and a carboxyl group
2. polymers of amino acids
3. nucleotide polymers
4. reacting by polymerisation to form larger carbohydrate polymers

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