Chemistry GCSE

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What is the atomic number?
Number of protons
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What is the mass number?
Number of protons and neutrons
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What is an isotope?
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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Explain paper chromatography:
• Pencil line • Dot • In water – ink not touching • Mark solvent front • Calculate Rf Value
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What are the different forms of separation?
• Crystallisation • Evaporation • Filtering • Chromatography • Distillation
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Describe group 1 elements?
Low boiling and melting points Less dense More reactive
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Describe halogens?
High boiling and melting points More dense Bleaches / Coloured gases Diatomic
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Describe noble gases?
Unreactive Dense Full outer shell
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Ionic Bonding?
• Positive metal + negative non-metal • Electrostatic force • High boiling point • Conducts when aqueous or liquid
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Covalent Bonding?
• Sharing of electrons • Non-metals • Simple molecule • Intermolecular forces • Low boiling point • Does not conduct
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Metallic Bonding?
• Positive metals • Delocalised electrons allow it to conduct electricity • High boiling points
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Test for chlorine?
Bleach damp litmus paper (white)
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Test for oxygen?
Relights glowing splint
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Test for carbon dioxide?
Limewater cloudy
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Test for hydrogen?
Squeaky Pop
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Test for metals?
Conduct electricity
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How does increasing the temperature affect the rate of reaction?
The particles move faster, therefore they collide more frequently and have more energy so more of the collisions will have enough energy to react.
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How does increasing the concentration and pressure affect the rate of reaction?
There are more particles knocking about in the same volume of water. Likewise, with pressure. This makes collisions more frequent.
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How does increasing the surface area affect the rate of reaction?
Breaking it up into smaller pieces will increase its surface area. Collisions more frequent.
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How does using a catalyst affect the rate of reaction?
They decrease the activation energy.
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Formula for rate of reaction:
Amount of reactant used or amount of product formed/Time
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Three ways to measure the rate of reaction?
1. Precipitation and colour change (Cloudy) 2. Change in mass (usually gas given off) 3. The volume of gas given off
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What is a closed system?
None of the reactants or products can escape and nothing else can get in.
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What is le chatelier’s principle?
You can change the conditions of a reversible reaction at equilibrium and the system will try to counteract those changes.
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How do properties of hydrocarbons change when the chain gets longer?
• Shorter = More runny • Shorter = More flammable • Shorter = More volatile
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What is the general formula for an alkane?
CnH2n+2
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What is the test of alkenes?
Add bromine water, it should turn from orange to colourless
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What are alkenes used for?
Polymers (plastics)
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What is phase 1 of the evolution of the atmosphere?
Volcanoes give out gases. Atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide and virtually no oxygen. Volcanoes released nitrogen, water vapour and methane.
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What is phase 2 of the evolution of the atmosphere?
Oceans, algae and plants absorbed the carbon dioxide.
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What is phase 3 of the evolution of the atmosphere?
Plants etc released oxygen by photosynthesis and levels of oxygen built up over time.
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Composition of earth’s atmosphere today?
• 78% Nitrogen • 21% Oxygen • 1% Small proportions of other gases including carbon dioxide
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How to reduce carbon footprint?
• Renewable energy sources • More efficient processes • Governments taxing companies • Technology that captures CO2
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How are metals recycled?
By melting them and then casting them into the shape of the new product.
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How is glass recycled?
Glass is separated by colour and chemical composition. It is then crushed and melted to be reshaped for use in glass products.
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Describe the effect of each pollutant - carbon dioxide?
Burning fuels = Causes climate change
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Describe the effect of each pollutant - sulphur dioxide?
Burning fuels = acid rain that kills plants
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Describe the effect of each pollutant - nitrogen oxide?
Nitrogen and oxygen reacting in the air = Acid rain
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Describe the effect of each pollutant - particulates?
Unburnt hydrocarbons = global dimming
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the mass number?

Back

Number of protons and neutrons

Card 3

Front

What is an isotope?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Explain paper chromatography:

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the different forms of separation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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