Biology GCSE

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Explain the process of mitosis?
• One set of chromosomes pulled to each end • Nucleus divides • The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form identical cells
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Cell division for mitosis is important because it makes new cells for:
• Growth and development • Repairing damaged tissue • Asexual reproduction
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What are enzymes?
• Biological catalysts • Proteins • Each enzyme catalysts a specific reaction • Work at specific temperatures
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Describe red blood cells?
• Haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues • Do not contain a nucleus • Large surface area
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Describe white blood cells?
• Help to protect the body from infection • Can change shape
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Describe platelets?
• Fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting
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How does your body respond to a stimulus? (Mention Receptors, Relat Neurone, Motor Neurone, Effector)
1. The pain, stimulus, is detected by receptors 2. Impulses from the receptors pass along a central nervous system 3. An impulse then passes through a relay neurone 4. A motor neurone carries an impulse to the effector 5. The effector responds
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Eating foods containing carbohydrates puts what type of sugar into the blood?
Glucose
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If blood glucose levels are too high, what substance is added?
Insulin
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If blood glucose levels are too low, what substance is added?
Glucogen
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Describe the stages of the menstrual cycle?
1. Uterus lining breaks down 2. Uterus lining thickens into a spongy layer full of blood 3. An egg is developed and is released – ovulation 4. The wall is then maintained.
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Amylase breaks carbohydrates into what?
Simple sugars
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Where is amalyse made?
• Salivary glands • Pancreas • Small intestine
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Proteases convert proteins into what?
Amino acids
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Where are proteases made?
• Stomach • Pancreas • Small intestine
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Lipases convert lipids into what?
• Pancreas • Small intestine
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What does the phloem tube transport?
Food
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What does the xylem tube transport?
Water
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What is the role of bile in the small intestine?
Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat
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What effect does not enough light have on photosynthesis?
Slows down the rate of photosynthesis
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What effect does not enough carbon dioxide have on photosynthesis?
Slows down the rate of photosynthesis
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What adaptations do the alveoli have?
• Large surface areas • Moist lining for diffusion of gases • Thin walls • Good blood supply
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Describe how the heart pumps blood around the body?
• Blood flows into the two atria from the vena cava and pulmonary vein • Atria contract pushing the blood into the ventricles • Ventricles contract forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta and out of the heart • The blood enters then
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Advantages of vaccinations:
• Helped control diseases that were once common • Large outbreaks of a disease can now be controlled
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Disadvantages of vaccinations:
• Vaccinations don’t always work • You can sometimes have a bad reaction
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What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment
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What is the passage of information in a reflex called?
Reflex arc
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What are hormones?
Chemical messengers sent in the blood
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Describe nerves?
• Fast action • Act for a short time • Act on a precise area
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Describe hormones?
• Slower action • Act for a long time • Act on a general area
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What does the process of IVF involve?
Collecting eggs from the women’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab. The fertilised eggs are then grown into embryo’s. Once the embryo’s are tiny balls of cells, they are then transferred into the women’s uterus to increase the chance if pregnancy
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Why might people be against IVF?
• It involves destroying potential life • It could lead to the selection of preferred characteristics
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What are chromosomes?
Long molecules of DNA
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What is a gene?
Codes for a specific protein
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What is a genome?
An entire set of genetic material in an organism
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Describe the structure of DNA?
A polymer made up from two strands coiled together in the shape of a double hellix
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What is sexual reproduction?
Where genetic information from two organisms is combined to produce offspring, which are genetically different. The parents produce gametes by meiosis.
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What is asexual reproduction?
Only one parent so the offspring are genetically identical to that parent. It happens by mitosis.
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Explain the process of meiosis?
• Genetic information is duplicated • Chromosomes are pulled apart so each cell has one set of each chromosomes. • There are two divisions to form four gametes.
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Theory of evolution
All of today’s species have evolved from simple life forms that first started to develop over three billion years ago.
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What is selective breeding?
Artificially selecting the animals that are going to breed to ensure particular characteristics remain in the population
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What is genetic engineering?
Transferring a gene responsible for a desired characteristic from one organism’s genome into another.
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What are fossils?
Remains of plants and animals
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How can fossils form?
• Gradual replacement by minerals • Casts and Impressions • Preservation
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What are the domain groups?
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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What does population mean?
All the organisms of a species living in a habitat
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What does community mean?
The populations of different species living in an environment
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What does ecosystem mean?
The interaction of a community of living organisms with the non-living parts of the environment
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What do plants compete for?
• Light • Space • Water and mineral ions
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What do animals compete for?
• Space (territory) • Food and water • A mate
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How does the water cycle work?
• Energy from the sun evaporates water turning it into water vapour • It condenses to form clouds • Water falls from the clouds as precipitation • Water that isn’t used for photosynthesis or reactions will runoff into streams and rivers
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How does the carbon cycle work?
• Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by plants • When plants respire carbon is returned to the atmosphere. • When plants are eaten by animals’ carbon is moved through the food chain • When plants and animals die, other organisms feed
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What is biodiversity?
The variety of different species of organisms on earth.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cell division for mitosis is important because it makes new cells for:

Back

• Growth and development • Repairing damaged tissue • Asexual reproduction

Card 3

Front

What are enzymes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Describe red blood cells?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe white blood cells?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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