Chemistry C1 - OCR Higher teir

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What is the word equation for making a perfume?
Acid + Alcohol -> Ester + Water
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Method for Esterification?
Put 5cm^3 of butanol acid and Ethanoic acid and Sulphuric acid into a tube and put the cork on and shake. Then place the tube into a beaker full of hot water. Leave it in for 2 minutes and then remove the cork and lightly smell the ester.
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4 safety precautions for making an ester?
Goggles - acid doesn't get into the eyes. Pipettes - Instead of pouring the acids so there aren't any spillages. Do not inhale if you have Asthma. Stay standing- in case the boiling water is spilled and you burn your legs.
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Solubility equation?
Solute (sugar) + Solvent (Water) --> Solution (Sugary water)
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What is cooking?
Chemical change that cannot be reversed.
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5 reasons for why to cook food?
High temperature kills harmful microbes in food. Texture improved. Easier to digest. Flavour is enhanced. Tastes better.
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What happens to a protein once cooked?
It is irreversible as they get denatured. The shape of the protein changes as it is denatured.
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What happens to potatoes once cooked?
Cell walls break and the starch grains swell and burst
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What happens to baking powder once heated? + word equation
Breakdown when heated to release Carbon Dioxide (Thermal decomposition). 2NaHCO^3 --> Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
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4 additives?
Flavouring - Enhance flavour. Colouring - enhance colour. Emulsifier - stop oil and water separating. Anti-oxident - prevent food reacting with oxygen (preserving it for longer)
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What is an emulsifier?
Has a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water and a hydrophobic tail that is attracted to oil.
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Enzymes in detergents?
Enzyme is a biological catalyst. This gets rid of things such as blood and grease.
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How does oil based paints dry?
Solvent evaporates. Binding medium oxidises.
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How emulsion dries?
Solvent evaporates. Pigment sticks to the surface.
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What is phosphorescence?
Glow in the dark paint (instead of radioactive paint). Used for decoration and watch faces.
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What is thermochromic?
Changes in temperature changes the colour. Used for cups, kettles, T-shirts, baby spoons/bowls.
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3 rules of perfume?
Must smell nice. Must not react with water or skin. Must not be toxic.
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How does solvent dissolving work?
Water molecules are weakly attracted to particles of nail varnish. Water molecules are strongly attracted to other water molecules. Nail varnish particles are strongly attracted to other nail varnish particles.
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Suggest why a solute will not dissolve?
The intermolecular forces are too strong.
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3 main fossil fuels?
Coal, Oil and Gas
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How is crude oil formed?
From the remains of small animals and plants. It is non- renewable therefore it is finite. Over millions of years, sediment builds up. The remains get heated under high pressure due to the conditions.
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2 Political issues with importing crude oil?
Some countries are dependent on oil supplies from another country. Also the future supply is not secure.
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What does non renewable mean?
When there's a limited supply so it will run out.
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What is crude oil made of?
Hydrocarbons
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What is a hydrocarbon?
Contain only hydrogen and carbon.
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Benefit of oil from UK?
Other countries are politically unstable. Cheaper to transport
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Boiling points of hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons with a longer chain have a higher boiling point as there are stronger intermolecular forces holding them together.
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Long chain hydrocarbons? - intermolecular forces, energy, boiling point.
Strong intermolecular forces, A lot of energy to break the intermolecular forces and high boiling point.
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Short chain hydrocarbons? - intermolecular forces, energy, boiling point.
Weak intermolecular forces. Not a lot of energy to break these forces. Low boiling point.
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Example of short and long chain hydrocarbons?
Short - petrol. Long - paraffin.
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What is meant by saturated?
Only contains single bonds.
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What is meant by unsaturated?
It has a double bond between two carbons.
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What is the test for a hydrocarbon?
Bromine water decolourises the unsaturated hydrocarbons.
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What is an alkane and alkene?
Alkane (saturated) - only single bonds. Alkene (unsaturated)- Double bonds
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2 Conditions for cracking?
High temperature and Catalyst.
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Two advantages of complete combustion?
More energy than incomplete. Doesn't produce harmful CO
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Example of environment and disposal?
Landfill and incineration.
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How to name a polymer?
Poly(name of original molecule)
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What is gore tex?
Holes are too small for water droplets (rain). Water vapour is small enough to fit through.
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Making a polymer?
Monomers join end to end. Conditions - High pressure and Catalyst.
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What is complete combustion?
Plentiful supply of oxygen. Produces carbon dioxide, water and more energy released.
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Word and symbol equation for complete combustion?
Methane + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water. CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O
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What is incomplete combustion?
Limited supply of oxygen. Produces soot, carbon monoxide, water and less energy is released.
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Word and symbol equation for incomplete combustion?
Methane + Oxygen --> Water + Carbon monoxide + carbon. 3CH4 + 4O2 --> 6H2O + 2CO + C
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What is a catalytic converter?
Converts oxides of nitrogen into nitrogen. Converts carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide.
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Risks and causes of pollution?
Risks - Asthma, Acid rain and photochemical smog. Causes - Oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Method for Esterification?

Back

Put 5cm^3 of butanol acid and Ethanoic acid and Sulphuric acid into a tube and put the cork on and shake. Then place the tube into a beaker full of hot water. Leave it in for 2 minutes and then remove the cork and lightly smell the ester.

Card 3

Front

4 safety precautions for making an ester?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Solubility equation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is cooking?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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