Chemistry 1-5
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- Created by: MaeGetsRevising
- Created on: 23-12-22 11:14
calcium + carbon + oxygen
calcium carbonate
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lithium + hydrogen + oxygen
lithium hydroxide
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what is a mixture?
what is the process to separate a mixture of colours?
what is the process to separate a mixture of colours?
two or more types of atoms that are not chemically bonded
chromatography
chromatography
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what is the difference between fractional and simple distillation?
fractional can separate substances with more similar boiling points.
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timeline of the atom model
john Dalton solid spheres
JJ Thompson plum pudding
ernest rutherford and ernest marsden alpha scattering
Neils Bhor shells
james chadwick nuetrons
JJ Thompson plum pudding
ernest rutherford and ernest marsden alpha scattering
Neils Bhor shells
james chadwick nuetrons
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describe the alpha scattering experiment
pos charged alpha particles were fired onto gold foil only a few atoms thick. if plum pudding correct, would have bounced straight off as atoms solid. BUT some did go through, some were diverted and some bounced back
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what was discovered with this
the atom has all its mass concentrated in the solid positive nucleus (like charges repel), the atom is mostly empty space
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what is the method for doing a titration
- measure out 25cm cubed alkali in burette and put in conical flask
- add few drops. indicator
- attach burette in clamp and measure 25cm cubed acid below eye level
- add acid to alkali until colour changes
- note measuring on burette
- repeat for accurac
- add few drops. indicator
- attach burette in clamp and measure 25cm cubed acid below eye level
- add acid to alkali until colour changes
- note measuring on burette
- repeat for accurac
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what is the relative mass of a proton, nuetron, electron?
p 1
n 1
e 1/2000, negligable
n 1
e 1/2000, negligable
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what is an isotope?
an isotope is an element that has the same number of protons and electrons but a different amount of nuetrons
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what is an ion?
an ion is an element that has the same number of protons but a different number of electrons
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in early periodic tables, what were elements organised by?
why is this a problem?
why is this a problem?
atomic weight
it ignores the groups properties, there are elements that haven't been discovered yet, they do not know about atomic number
it ignores the groups properties, there are elements that haven't been discovered yet, they do not know about atomic number
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how did Mendeleev deal with these problems?
he left gaps/organised elements by properties
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why does the knowledge of isotopes explain why ordering by atomic weight didn't work?
isotopes are elements with the same number of p and e, but a different amount of neutrons
this would mean that the atoms mass is different
which can skew ordering by simple atomic weight
this would mean that the atoms mass is different
which can skew ordering by simple atomic weight
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ionic:
- what uses it in bonding?
- what is the structure after bonding?
- does it conduct electricity?
- how high is the melting point?
- what uses it in bonding?
- what is the structure after bonding?
- does it conduct electricity?
- how high is the melting point?
- metals and non-metals
- giant lattice
- not in solid, but can in liquid or gas
- high as strong electrostatic forces of attraction
- giant lattice
- not in solid, but can in liquid or gas
- high as strong electrostatic forces of attraction
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covalent:
- what uses it in bonding?
- what is the structure after bonding?
- does it conduct electricity?
- how high is the melting point?
- what uses it in bonding?
- what is the structure after bonding?
- does it conduct electricity?
- how high is the melting point?
- non-metals
- simple molecules
- does not conduct as no charged particles
- low: strong bonds but weak intermolecular forces
- simple molecules
- does not conduct as no charged particles
- low: strong bonds but weak intermolecular forces
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what is a covalent/ionic bond?
c - where two non-metal atoms share an electron
i - where between a metal and a non-metal one atom gives another an electron
i - where between a metal and a non-metal one atom gives another an electron
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can graphene conduct electricity? why/why not?
yes - it has delocalised electrons
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what are fullerenes?
hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
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what properties do alloys have?
they are harder and less malleable as the atoms cannot slide as easily over one another
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how dense are alkali metals?
not very dense
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what is formed when an alkali metal reacts with water?
an alkali and hydrogen
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what is the equation that links volume, concentration and mols?
conc = mols/vol
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what group of the periodic table naturally form diatonic molecules?
group 7 - halogens
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what determines an element's reactivity?
the number of shells
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list three properties of halogens
- low melting points
- low boiling points
- all halogens are coloured
- low boiling points
- all halogens are coloured
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what is the colour of chlorine gas?
green
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what are transition metals used as?
how reactive are they?
how reactive are they?
catalysts
not very reactive
not very reactive
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what does it mean if the mass of product is less than the mass of the reactants?
of products is a gas that can't be contained
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what is thermal decomposition?
to break down using heat
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why would the mass of products be more than the mass of the reactants?
a gas from the air is being used in the reaction
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why can sodium chloride not carry charge as a solid, but can as a liquid?
as a solid, its ions are held in place by strong bonds.
As a liquid they can move to carry a charge
As a liquid they can move to carry a charge
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what is avogadro's constant?
6.02 x 10 to the power of 23
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how many mols in 20g of calcium?
0.5
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how much magnesium oxide will I make if I use 60g of Magnesium?
100g
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calculate the minimum mass in grams of Mg needed to completely reduce 1.2 kg of Silicon Dioxide
2Mg + SiO2 --> Si + MgO
2Mg + SiO2 --> Si + MgO
960g
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8.1g of zinc oxide (ZnO) reacts completely with 0.6g of carbon to form 2.2g of carbon dioxide and 6.5g of zinc. write a balance equation for this reaction, working out using masses
2ZnO + C --> CO2 + Zn2
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when lead nitrate solution and potassium chromate solution are mixed, a reaction takes place.
what would the student see when the reaction takes place?
what would the student see when the reaction takes place?
a solid forming
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why is it common to use excess of one of the reactants?
to ensure all of the other reactant is used up
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what is the reactant that is completely reacted called?
the limiting reactant
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the percentage atom economy of a reaction is 80%. calculate the sum of the relative formula masses of the reactant for 80g of desired product
100g
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what is concentration measured in?
g/dm cubed
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what is the equation that links mols, conc and volume?
conc = mol/volume
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find the volume of 4 mols of oxygen at room temp and pressure
4 x 24 = 96dm cubed
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define oxidation
the gaining of oxygen or loss of electrons
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define reduction
loss of oxygen or gaining of electrons
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give an example of reduction used in real life
in the extraction of ores, an ore contains metal oxides which must be reduced
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what defines reactivity?
the more readily a substancel gives up electrons
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lithium + water -->
why is this?
why is this?
lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
lithium is an alkali metal
lithium is an alkali metal
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metal + water -->
metal + acid -->
metal + oxygen -->
metal + acid -->
metal + oxygen -->
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
salt + hydrogen
metal oxide
salt + hydrogen
metal oxide
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what is a redox reaction?
a reaction that both reduces and oxidises a substance
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what is the word equation for the thermitt reaction?
iron oxide + aluminium --> aluminium oxide + iron
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what is the word equation for the practice making copper sulphate crystals?
copper oxide + sulphuric acid --> copper sulphate + water
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what are the steps for making copper sulphate crystals?
- add insoluble copper oxide to warmed sulfuric acid and stir
- add until no more can be dissolved, excess, see at bottom of beaker
- filter out remaining copper oxide
- heat in evaporating basin over Bunsen burner until bubbling
- leave to evaporate 2/3
- add until no more can be dissolved, excess, see at bottom of beaker
- filter out remaining copper oxide
- heat in evaporating basin over Bunsen burner until bubbling
- leave to evaporate 2/3
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what step is there to make the crystals as big as possible?
leave to evaporate slowly
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what acid would be used if copper chloride salt was being made instead?
hydrochloric acid
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why is the acid heated at the start?
to catalyse the reaction
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what defines an acid?
what defines a base?
what defines an alkali?
what defines a base?
what defines an alkali?
- pH is less than 7
- pH is more than 7
- a soluble base
- pH is more than 7
- a soluble base
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zinc + hydrochloric acid -->
zinc chloride + hydrogen
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what is meant by a salt
a substance formed when a metal and acid react, the metal replaces the hydrogen in the acid
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what are most metals found in ores as?
oxides
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what is often used to reduce metal oxides?
why?
why?
carbon
it's abundant
it's abundant
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explain the method for making a copper sulphate salt, including safety and equipment (6 marks)
- tie hair back and wear goggles, measure 20ml sulfuric acid into a beaker
- heat acid Bunsen burner until bubbles. take off.
- mix in copper oxide until excess is left at the bottom w. glass rod
- filter out remaining copper oxide w. filter paper
- heat
- heat acid Bunsen burner until bubbles. take off.
- mix in copper oxide until excess is left at the bottom w. glass rod
- filter out remaining copper oxide w. filter paper
- heat
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what is it in acids that makes them acidic?
hydrogen ions
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do strong acids have a low or high degree of ionisation?
low or high pH?
low or high pH?
high
low
low
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an acid of pH 5 has a 5/1 concentration of hydrogen ions. what is the concentration of hydrogen ions now the pH is 3?
500/1
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
lithium + hydrogen + oxygen
Back
lithium hydroxide
Card 3
Front
what is a mixture?
what is the process to separate a mixture of colours?
what is the process to separate a mixture of colours?
Back
Card 4
Front
what is the difference between fractional and simple distillation?
Back
Card 5
Front
timeline of the atom model
Back
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