(Chapter 12) Hormonal Coordination In Humans

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What is a hormone?
A chemical that moves around an organism to change the funtion of target cells, tissues or organs.
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Where is the pituitary gland? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?
It is in the brain, it secretes FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) which contours the blood water level (Kidney). ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) which controls blood water level (kidney) and LH (Lutenising Hormone) which triggers ovulation (Ovaries).
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Where are the ovaries? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?
They are in the lower abdomen. It secretes oestrogen (targeting the ovaries, uterus and pituitary gland) and progesterone (maintains womb lining). The uses of these are detailed elsewhere in this set.
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Where are the testes? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?
They are in the scrotum. They secrete testosterone and this targets the male reproductive organs. Its use is controlling puberty in males.
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Where is the pancreas? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?
The pancreas is around 6 inched long and sits behind the stomach. It produces insulin and targets the liver. Insulin controls blood suger levels.
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Where is the adrenal gland? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?
The adrenal glands are located on top of both kidneys. It produces adrenalin which prepares the body for action. It targets the body's vital organs (the heart, liver...)
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What is the endocrine system?
A system composed of endocrine glands that secrete hormones in to the blood to be carried away to a target organ where it has an effect.
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What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
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What is negative feedback?
A homeostatic mechanism by which the body detects a change and makes a subsequent adjustment to return itself to normal.
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Name some of the side effects of adrenalin:
Faster heart beat, liver breaks down some of the stored glycogen, arterioles constrict, metabolic acticity increases and the bronchioles widen (allowing more air intake).
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What isa the main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland called? What does it do? What is it known as when active?
Thyroxine. It regulates the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, cognitive (brain) development and bone maintenance. When active, it is known as triiodothyronine.
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When the body detects it is too hot, what happens? How is this effective?
Vasocobtriction (decreases worm blood flow), hairs flatten (less heat trapped) and sweat forms (natural coolant).
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When the body detects it is too cold, what happens? How is this effective?
Vasodilation (more blood), hairs stand up (more heat trapped) and we shiver (movement generates heat).
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What detects when the body is too hot/cold? What temperature should the body be (approximately)?
The hypothalamus and receptors in the skin. The body should be around 37 degrees.
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What does the body do when there is too little glucose? Too high?
Insulin isn't produced, hence less glucose is absorbed, hence blood glucose levels increase. The exact opposite happens when levels are too high.
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What does insulin do? Glycagon? How are they linked?
It converts glucose into glycagon in the liver. This glycagon is the sotred for of glucose and the liver converts it back in to glucose and releases it in to the blood.
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What is type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1- Not enough insulin produced by insulin. Type 2- When the body does not respond properly to insulin.
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Name two advantages and disadvantages of an insulin injection to treat diabetes:
+= Very discreet and cheaper. -= Greater chance of extreme high or low blood glucose concentration.
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Name two advantages and disadvantages of an insulin pump to treat diabetes
+= Uses less insulin per day and better control of blood glucose concentration. -= Must be worn almost all of the time and it is more expensive.
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How does ADH affect water in the body?
See related info card.
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How is urea produced?
See related info card.
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What is urea?
A metabolite (breakdown product) of amino acids made in the liver.
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Label the renal system:
See related info card.
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How does kidney dialysis take place?
The blood goes through a membrane in which substances of a higher concentrartion dissolve in to the dialysis fluid and are taken away decresing the suger levels in to blood.
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What is the funtion of the kidneys?
To filter out urea and balance water and mineral ion levels in the blood.
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What is a nephron? How do they help the kidney do its job?
This is the functional unit of the kidney where excess water, ions and urea are removed from the blood.
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What secretes FSH? What is its role in menstruation?
The pituitary gland. It causes an egg to mature and stimulates the ovaries to release it.
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What secretes oestrogen? What is its role in menstruation?
The ovaries. It stops FSH being produced (so only one egg matures/is released) and it stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH.
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What secretes LH? What is its role in menstruation?
The pituitary gland. It causes the mature egg to be released.
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What secretes progesterone? What is its role in menstruation?
The ovaries. Maintains uterus lining and stays high during pregnancy.
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What if an egg isn't fertilised?
It does not embed in the lining of the womb and it, along with the lining is shed. This is known as a period.
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What is contraception?
The deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse.
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What is the progesterone only pill? How effective is it? How does it work? What other benefits are there?
It is a pill that must be taken every 3 hours and contains only progesterone. It is 99% effective and it thins the womb lining. Benefits are that smokers and people aged over 35 can take it.
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What is the contraceptive patch? How effective is it? How does it work
It is a small sticky patch delivering both oestrogen and progesterone through the skin. It lasts one week and is 99% effectove. It prevents ovulation, thins the womb lining and thickens cervical mucus.
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What are the benefits of a contraceptive patch?
It is still effective after vomiting, it leades to a 'lighter' period and it also may protect against ovarian, womb and colon cancer.
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What is a contraceptive implant? How effective is it? How does it work? What other benefits are there?
A small flexible tube implanted in the upper arm containing progesterone. It is 99%< effective. It stops ovulation and is good as it lasts 3 years, resistant to antibiotics and can be removed.
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What is the combined (combi) pill? How effective is it? How does it work?
A tablet containing all necessary hormones, leading to a period type bleed. it is 99%, effective (though may decrease), prevents ovulation, makes it hard for sperm to get through.
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What are the benefits of the combined pill?
2) It is good as there is no REAL period for a month and it may protect against ovary, womb and colon cancer and some pelvic infections.
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What are the two forms of contraception?
Hormonal (taking something like a pill with progesterone etc) or non-hormonal (eg condoms etc)
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What is female sterilisation? How does it work? What other benefits are there?
A minor operation blocking the fallopian tubes. It means an egg is still releaswed but absorbed by the body. It is good as it can be done at any time in the mestrual cycle and has no effect on hormones.
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What is a vasectomy? How does it work? What other benefits are there?
It is where the tubes that carry sperm are cut preventing sperm reaching semen. It is good (for some) as it is permanent.
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What is a diaphragm? How effective is it? How does it work? What other benefits are there?
A letex/rubber dome placed in the vagina that cover the cervix and has spermicide. It is 92-96% effective. It is good as it is reusable, has no serious health risks and can be placed several hours before. It is very similar to a cap.
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What is a male condom? How effective is it? How does it work? What other benefits are there?
A barrier placed on the penis stopping sperm passing. It is 98% effective. It is good as it prevents STI's
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What is IVF? How effective is it?
In Vitro (In Glass) Fertilisation. It is a medical procedure by which an egg is fertilised by sperm in a test tube outside of the body and then the egg is inserted back into the woman as an embryo. For women under 35, it is 40% effective.
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What are some of the side effects of IVF?
Headaches, mood swings and in rare cases ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (too many eggs are released).
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Where is the pituitary gland? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?

Back

It is in the brain, it secretes FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) which contours the blood water level (Kidney). ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) which controls blood water level (kidney) and LH (Lutenising Hormone) which triggers ovulation (Ovaries).

Card 3

Front

Where are the ovaries? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where are the testes? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where is the pancreas? What hormone does it secrete? What is its target? What is its effect?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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