Changing Places

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Primary industry
Extraction of raw materials (farming, fishing and mining)
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Secondary industry
Manufacturing of goods
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Tertiary industry
Doesn't produce anything but provides services, either public or private eg. banking or schools
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Quaternary industry
Knowledge based sector mainly in HICs ( ICT and Research and development)
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Examples of countries at different stages of the Clarke Fisher model
Pre - Industrialised: Burkina Faso, Industrial: China, Post - Industrial: Uk
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LEDC
High % of population in primary industry - Pre- industrial
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NIC
Growth of secondary and tertiary - Industrial
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MEDC
Wealthiest, high % in tertiary/ Quaternary jobs - Post - industrial
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Why has there been a decline in primary employment??
Depletion of resources, cheap imports, mechanisation, social change and government policy
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Coal
Peak=1920s, employed ~1.2 million
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Why did coal manufacture decline in the UK??
The cost got higher so it was cheaper to import
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In 2012 what countries did the UKs coal come from and what % was this??
USA, Columbia and Russia - 96%
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How much CO2 does coal produce
850Kg
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How many coal power stations were closed between 2015 - 2016??
4
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How many coal mines did Margret Thatcher close and in what year??
20 in 1984
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How many jobs were lost due to these closures??
20,000 (lead to major strikes)
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What % of workers were in Agriculture in 1841 compared to 2011??
22% to <1% in 2011
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How many workers fed how many people in 1900??
1 person = 25 people
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How many workers fed how many people in 2011??
1 person = 200 people
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How many tractors were there in 1918??
6000
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How many tractors are there today??
310,000
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What were the time scales to plough an acre of land in 1914 compared to today??
1 day to 15 minutes now
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How much wheat was produced in 1914,1918 and now??
1914 - 1.7 million tonnes, 1918 - 2.4 million tonnes, Now - 11.9 million tonnes
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Definition of Deindustrialisation
Process by which there is a decline on the manufacturing within a country resulting in a reduction of secondary industry and % contribution to GDP
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Decline in secondary employment
1966 - 8,940,000 - 2011 - 2,740,000 (31%) (seen in Birmingham, London and South Wales)
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External factors for decline in secondary employment
Globalisation and new tech
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Definition of Globalisation
Process of increasing interconnection and interdependence amongst countries and economies of the world
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New tech - How many cars were there in 1978 and 2010??
Just under 500 thousand and 2010 129 thousand (from Japan) - 58 million
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Internal factors for decline in secondary employment
Loss of competitiveness, lack of investment and human resource issues
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What were factory locations in 1980 like??
High cost and uneconomical
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When did industrial areas become highly populated???
1950s
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Lack of investment - What was the bank rate in the 1970s and 1980s??
7 - 17%
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What was the bank rate in 2011??
0.5%
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What does SPICED stand for??
Strong pound, import cheap, export dear
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Human resource issues - In the 1970s/80s what was the work force like??
Unionised and militant
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Coventry car industry
40% in industry in 1950s, declined in 1980s
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Rover's Longbridge factory
Closed 2005, 6000 jobs lost
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Spread of workers per industry in 1841
P = 25%, S = 42%, T/Q = 33%
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Spread of workers per industry in 1961
P = 12%, S = 38%, T/Q = 50%
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Spread of workers per industry in 2011
P = 2%, S = 17%, T/Q = 81%
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What does the Spiral of decline cause/ is???
Industrial decline, Increasing unemployment, decline of services and shops and housing/environment
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Where is the highest levels of unemployment??
In a band around the CBD eg. Ladywood
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Outline filtering
Industrialisation = unemployment, outward migration of educated people, remaining population decline - high unemployment and lack of skills = further decline = deprivation
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Issues associated with the spiral of decline
Drugs, gangs, homelessness, prostitution, higher suicide rates and riots
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Ladywood child poverty
2008 - 'campaign to end child poverty' - 81% of families fighting for financial survival, 2016 - 37% rate - 2nd highest in UK
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When was the highest rate of unemployment announces in Ladywood??
July 2010
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What % of all violent crime in Birmingham happens in Ladywood??
25% in 2009/10
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What is an enterprise zone??
Designated areas across England that provide tax breaks and government support
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What can the discount be in an enterprise zone??
Upto 100% (275,000)
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How much was the Birmingham East side development and how long will it take???
£68 million and 20 years
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How much was the Brindley Place redevelopment??
£200 million
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When was the clean air act??
1956
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How much did the tertiary sector grow between 1970 and 2006??
50% to 78% of GVA
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Definition of Re-urbanisation
Movement of people back into urban areas that have experienced out migration. Process attracts affluent, young people employed in the Tertiary/ Quaternary sectors
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Definition of Gentrification
Displacement of working class people in an area as more affluent population move in. Process results in increased house prices and changing local services
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Brindley Place facts
Started 1987, 10,000+ jobs by 2004, 143 new homes, completed 1995
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What is the price difference between a house in an undeveloped area and a developed area??
UD = £70,000 - D = £325,000
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Unemployment rates in Ladywood
136A = 18%, 137C = 3%, UK average = 4%
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No qualification rates in Ladywood
136A = 32%, 137C = 4%, UK average = 22%
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Age 22 to 44 in Ladywood
136A = 42%, 137C = 80%, UK average = 34%
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Average house prices in Shoreditch July 2005
£225,441
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Average house prices in Shoreditch April 2010
£345,827
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What is the change in prices in Shoreditch??
53% change ( >2 x East London Ave.)
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What is the East London price increase average??
~26%
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How many shops in High streets aren't used??
14%, 1/3 vacant, 2 years ago only 6%
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Factors for the decline of the high street
Change in needs, loss of jobs, internet shopping, globalisation and lesser need for traditional shops
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Dudley facts
500th worst British retail centre, 18.9% vacancy rates (over 100 empty shops)
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Merry Hill facts
Constructed 1985-89, 220 stores, 28 food outlets, 7000 free car spaces, 98 buses an hour, 200 million visitors a year, >4000 staff
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The Water Front office park facts
600 m from Merry Hill, 45,000 m2 office space, >3000 employees
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Bullring facts
£530 million, 160 shops and 40 million shoppers a year
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Example of a shop that closed due to internet shopping
Woolworths
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How much is the Quaternary sector worth??
£30 billion
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What % of the population are employed in the Quaternary sector??
10 - 15%
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What drives the growth of the Quaternary sector??
Investing in large research developments and the expansion of unis
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How much did the British Government spend on R + D ??
£9 billion in 2014
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Important areas for the Quaternary sector
Silicon Glen, Cambridge and the M11 corridor, M3 and M4 corridor
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What is the location quotient of Cambridge??
2.15
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What is the location quotient of Birmingham??
0.84
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What is the location quotient of Maidenhead and Windsor??
1.55
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What is the location quotient of Dudley??
0.67
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When and who were the first company at the Cambridge science park??
Laser scan in October 1993
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How many companies were there at the Cambridge science park by 1999??
64
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Definition of 'Agglomeration of economies'
Benefits that come when firms and people locate near one another in clusters
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% of R + D jobs in Cambridge
8.2%
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% of R + D jobs in Birmingham
2.4%
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% of R + D jobs in Oxford
6.1%
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% of R + D jobs in Reading
4.2%
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UK average % of R + D jobs
2 - 3 %
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Cambridge house prices
5th highest median of £291,000 - 2013 (more expensive than London)
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Cambridge unemployment rate
2011 - 2.7% - 3rd lowest in UK (UK average = 4.4 %)
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What was the increase in traffic in Cambridge between 2000 and 2015??
16%
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How long does the average driver spend in traffic??
27 hours in 2016
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Where does Cambridge fall in the rankings for worst traffic??
13/87 in 2016
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What was Ludlow's population in 2001??
9528
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What was Ludlow's population in 2011??
10,266
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What was Ludlow re-branded as??
A centre for food and gastronomy
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When did the Ludlow food festival start??
1995
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How many visitors are there to the Ludlow food festival??
1999 - visitors doubles, 2006 - 17,000, 2007 - 20,000 and 2010 - 21,000
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When and were was the 'Cittaslow' movement formed??
Italy in 1986 for towns under 50,000
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When did Ludlow become a part of the movement???
2005 - first in the UK
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How far is the food located from Ludlow in the Local to Ludlow scheme??
30 miles - Low 'food miles'
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When was the Ludlow food centre set up??
2007
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How much of the produce comes from Shropshire and the surrounding counties??
80%
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How many jobs are provided by the Ludlow food centre??
120
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Shop examples in Ludlow
Harp Lane Deli, The Mouse Trap and A.H. Griffiths
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What % of people looking to buy in Ludlow want to retire??
60%
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What is the average house price in Ludlow??
£250,00 to £300,000
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What % of houses in Ludlow are second homes??
2001 - 1.7%, 2008 - 2.1%
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What % of the Ludlow population is over 60??
2001 - 29%, 2011 - 33%
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What % are in management and professional jobs??
2001 - 42%, 2011 - 67%
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Sandpits facts
Bottom 40%of deprived areas, Unemployment = 8.7%, most under 30, most deprived in Shropshire, 4000 population - 40% of Ludlow's population
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Eden Project facts
3 miles NE of St. Austell, opened 17th March 2001, 600,000 school children visit a year, over 18 million visitors
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Eden Sessions
Began 2002 - acts include Amy Winehouse and Oasis
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Big Lunch
Started 2009, brings neighbourhoods together
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Positive social impacts of the Eden Project
2,500 local suppliers, 87% of produce from SW and 82% from Cornwall, unemployment rate down by 6%, 400 full time staff
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Positive economic impacts of the Eden Project
80% of businesses have benefited, each visitor spends ~£150 in Cornwall, ~750,000 visitors a year, local multiplier effect
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Positive environmental impacts of the Eden Project
Positive use of Brownfield site, plans for geothermal site to power 4000 homes
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Negative social impacts of the Eden Project
Increase congestion A390 and A393, many jobs seasonal and low wage
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Negative economic impacts of the Eden Project
Increased traffic = lower house prices
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Negative environmental impacts of the Eden Project
Increased littering and pollution
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China clay job loss
800 in 3 years, 1990s - 4000 employees, 2014 - <2000
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West Carclaze facts
1,550 new homes, 420 pupil school and 116 hectares
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Median ages
2001 - urban = 36, rural = 42, 2011 - urban = 37, rural = 45
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How many village shops are closing a year??
~300 and ~2500 in past decade
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How many community shops and coop pubs are there??
338 shops and 39 pubs
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How many community shops have closed??
Only 16
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How much was axed from local bus funding in 2010??
£78 million (25%)
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How many buses were reduced??
2,400
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What % of councils cut funding in 15/16??
63%
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What % are reducing or withdrawing services completely??
44%
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How much was cut from supported buses in 15/16??
£22.2 million
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Census data for St.John's Chapel, County Durham
0-15 = 14%, 16-24 = 4%, 25-60 = 46%, 60+ = 36%
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UK average census data
0-15 = 19%, 16-24 = 12%, 25-60 = 48%, 60+ = 21%
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What is the population decrease between 1991 and 2011 in St.John's Chapel??
442 down to 270
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What is the male unemployment rate in St.John's Chapel??
17%
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What % of people don't have a car in St.John's Chapel??
21%
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How far is the nearest high school from St.John's Chapel??
14 miles
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How many children are there now comparing 1998 in St.John's Chapel??
38 but used to be 160
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What is superfast broadband classed as??
>24 Mbps
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What % of premises will have superfast broadband by the end of 2017??
95%
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What % of homes in Cornwall are 2nd homes??
11.2%
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What was the average house price in Cornwall in 2012??
£183,179
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What was the average house price in the UK in 2012??
£162,561
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What was the median affordability ratio in Cornwall in 2011??
8.57 - nearly 9x annual earnings
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What was the median affordability ratio in South Wales in 2011??
7.55
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What was the median affordability ratio in England in 2011??
6.65
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Population structure of Helford, Cornwall
0-15 = 12%, 16-24 = 1%, 25-60 = 50%, 60+ = 37%
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How much would a 4 bed semi cost in Helford compared to Stourbridge??
£1 million to £549,000
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Negative impacts of 2nd homes
No jetty, hard to fish, rejected by the Helford village society - 200 letters (2nd home owners), Post offices and shops unviable
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Positive impacts of 2nd homes
Influx of money, house keeping (big business)
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Definition of counter urbanisation
Social and demographic process in which people move from urban areas to rural areas. Lead to development of 'sub-urbanised villages' AKA dormitory villages
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What has caused counter urbanisation??
Increased vehicle ownership and improved road systems
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What % of people lived in urban areas in 1990??
88%
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What % of people lived in urban areas in 2014??
82%
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What % of people are Managers, directors and senior officials??
Urban- 10.1%, Rural - 13.7%
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How far from London is St. Ives, Cambridgeshire??
70 miles north of London
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By how much has the population grown in St. Ives??
1951 = 3078, 1971 = 7,148, 2011 = 16,348
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By how much has the coverage of St. Ives grown?
1951 = 0.5Km but 4 Km today
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Why is St. Ives effected by counter urbanisation??
Housing in London is very expensive (14.5x annual earnings) and jobs are further from the city centre
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House prices in St. Ives
2000 - £130,000, 2010 - £291,00
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How many properties are at risk of flooding??
1000
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How many new homes have been approved in St. Ives??
200 in 2010
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When did floods occur in St. Ives??
1998 and 2003
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What is a transport solution in St. Ives to lower congestion??
Guided bus route - £116 million - St. Ives to Huntington and connected to Cambridge - runs 7 till 7
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Secondary industry

Back

Manufacturing of goods

Card 3

Front

Tertiary industry

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Quaternary industry

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Examples of countries at different stages of the Clarke Fisher model

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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