5.Cells: The Working Units of Life.
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- Created on: 06-04-21 23:04
Explain the cell theory.
Cell theory states that all cells are fundamental units of life. All organisms are composed of cells. All cells come from preexisting cells. Modern cells evolved from a common ancestor.
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Why is a high surface are to volume ratio essential?
As a cell volume As a cell volume increases, chemical activity
increases, along with the need for resources and
waste removal, surface area becomes limiting. Thus, large organisms consists of many cells.
increases, along with the need for resources and
waste removal, surface area becomes limiting. Thus, large organisms consists of many cells.
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Describe the structure and function of a cell membrane
The Cell membrane is the outer boundary of every cell composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins for binding and adhering to adjacent cells. It is a selectively permeable barrier which; allows cells to maintain a constant internal environme
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Describe the structure of prokaryotes and give examples.
Prokaryotes have a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane made of peptidoglycan, ribosomes, nucleoid, flagellum made of flagellin and a capsule.
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Describe the structure of eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are made of a cell wall made of cellulose fibres, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus.
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Define organelles
An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell.
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Describe the structure and function of a nucleus.
A nucleus is the largest organelle consisting of a nuclear envelope, and nucleolus. It contains most of the DNA, is the site of DNA replication, site where gene transcription is turned on or off.
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Describe the structure and function of a nucleoid.
A nucleoid is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote where DNA is located.
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Describe the structure and function of a cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is a fluid located within a cell which contains everything within a cell except the nucleus.
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Describe the structure and function of ribosomes.
Ribosome are particles consisting of RNA where is the site of protein synthesis.
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Describe the structure and function of cell wall.
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding cells that provide a rigid yet flexible support for the plant, are a barrier to disease organisms.
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Describe the structure and function of the outer membrane.
The outer membrane is found in bacteria that encloses the peptidoglycan layer and is made of a polysaccharide rich phospholipid membrane.
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Describe the structure and function of the capsule.
The capsule is a slimy layer composed of polysaccharides which protect the bacteria from attack from white blood cells, keep the cells from drying out and help bacteria attach to other cells.
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Describe the structure and function of the internal membrane
It is a system that contains molecules needed for photosynthesis.
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Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
The cytoskeleton is made up of protein filaments that play roles in cell division, cell movement, and in maintaining shapes of cells.
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Describe the structure and function of the nucleolus.
The nucleolus is a region found within the nucleus where ribosomes begin to be assembled from RNA and proteins.
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Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear envelope separates the genetic material from the cytoplasm. It separates DNA transcription from DNA translation.
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Describe the structure and function of chromatin.
Chromatin is a fibrous complex formed from the combination of DNA and histone proteins.
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Describe the structure and function of chromosomes.
Chromosomes are a long, thin thread form of chromatin.
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Describe the structure and function of the Endomembrane System.
The endomembrane system is an interconnected system of membrane-enclosed compartments it includes most of the cell organelles.
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Describe the structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
The ER are networks of interconnected membranes branching throughout the cytoplasm forming tubes and flattened sacs.
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Describe the structure and function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The RER has ribosomes attached to it, it receives newly synthesised proteins, chemically modifies them, and transports them to other regions in the cell.
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Describe the structure and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The SER lacks ribosomes and is more tubular. It chemically modifies small molecules that maybe toxic to the cell which make the cells more polar and water soluble, is the site for glycogen degradation, is a site for synthesis of lipids and steroids, store
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Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus.
The golgi apparatus consists of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae and small membrane-enclosed vesicles. It receives protein-containing vesicles from the RER, modifies and packages them, adds carbohydrates to the proteins then it is sent to other de
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Describe the structure and function of the Primary Lysosomes.
They originate from the golgi apparatus. They contain digestive enzymes and are the sites where macromolecules are hydrolysed into monomers.
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Describe the process of phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis is the process by which a pocket forms in the cell membrane and then deepens and encloses material from outside the cell. The pocket then becomes a small vesicle called the phagosome.
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Describe the structure and function of the Secondary lysosome.
The secondary lysosome is formed from the fusion of a phagosome and a primary lysosome.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Why is a high surface are to volume ratio essential?
Back
As a cell volume As a cell volume increases, chemical activity
increases, along with the need for resources and
waste removal, surface area becomes limiting. Thus, large organisms consists of many cells.
increases, along with the need for resources and
waste removal, surface area becomes limiting. Thus, large organisms consists of many cells.
Card 3
Front
Describe the structure and function of a cell membrane
Back
Card 4
Front
Describe the structure of prokaryotes and give examples.
Back
Card 5
Front
Describe the structure of eukaryotes
Back
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