Cells reacting to their internal or external environment in order to survive
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Define Metabolism
Chemical reactions which take place within an organism
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Define Homeostasis
To maintain an internal environment within certain limits
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Define Growth
To increase in size or number of cells
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Define Nutrition
Obtaining or producing a source of compounds with many chemical bonds which can be broken down by the organism to provide energy and necessary nutrients
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Define Excretion
The removal of potentially harmful products of living processes within the organism
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Name 3 exceptions to the cell theory.
Skeletal muscle, Giant algae, Aseptate fungi
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How is Skeletal Muscle an exception to cell theory?
Skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibres which are enclosed by a membrane, but are longer than most cells (300mm) and polynucleated
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How is Giant Algae an exception to cell theory?
They are around 100mm long
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How is Aseptate fungi an exception to cell theory?
They are made up of thread-like hyphae, which are long and poly nucleated
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How big are Macromolecules?
1nm
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How big is the average cell membrane?
10nm
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How big is a virus?
100nm
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How big is a bacterium?
1um
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How big are most organelles?
10um
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How big are most cells?
100um
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What affects the rate at which materials enter/leave the cell?
Surface area
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What affects the rate at which materials are used/produced?
volume
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State 3 advantages of multi cellular life.
Differentiation & Specialisation, Longer life span, Emergent properties
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State 2 advantages of unicellular life.
Fast&efficient reproduction, fast adaption to changing/ harsh conditions
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Define Genome.
The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
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When is a gene silenced?
When is not needed in that cell.
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When is a gene expressed?
When it is needed in the cell.
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How many genes are in the human genome?
Roughly 25,000
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Which stem cells are pluripotent?
Embryonic Stem cells
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Which stem cells are multipotent?
Adult stem cells
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Name two diseases which can be treated with stem cell therapy.
Leukemia, Stargardt's macular dystrophy (further trials still needed)
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