Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
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- Created by: EmW99
- Created on: 29-10-16 17:51
What is a polymer?
A long, complex molecule composed of single molecules called monomers.
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What elements are carbohydrates made up of?
Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
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What elements are lipids made up of?
The same as carbohydrates - hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
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Name a monosaccharide
Alpha glucose, beta glucose, galactose, or fructose
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Name a disaccharide and the components it is made up of
Maltose - two alpha glucose. Lactose - galactose and alpha glucose. Sucrose - alpha glucose and fructose
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Name a polysaccharide and the component/s it is made up of
Starch - alpha glucose. Glycogen - alpha glucose. Cellulose - beta glucose
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Where is starch found and what is it used for?
Found in plant cells. Used as an energy store.
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Where is glycogen found and what is it used for?
Found in animal cells. Used as an energy store.
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Where is cellulose found and what is it used for?
Plant cell walls. Builds up the cell wall and makes it strong.
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Draw the structure of alpha glucose
Copy and paste the link to check your diagram. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alpha-D-glucose_Haworth.svg/200px-Alpha-D-glucose_Haworth.svg.png
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How do the structures of alpha glucose and beta glucose differ?
In beta glucose, the groups are reversed - the OH group is on the top.
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What type of bond joins two monosaccharides?
A condensation reaction - remove water
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What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides?
A glycosidic bond
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How is a disaccharide broken up into its monomers?
Hydrolosis - add water
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What is the test for reducing sugars? Name and describe + results
Benedict's test - add Benedict's solution to sample. Heat in a water bath for around five minutes. Brick red precipitate = positive result - reducing sugar
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When would you perform the test for a non-reducing sugar?
If the result of the Benedict's test is negative - blue colour
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What is the test for a non-reducing sugar?
Add dilute hydrochloric acid. Gently heat in a water bath, then leave it to cool. Add sodium hydrogencarbonate. Then carry out the Benedict's test - brick red precipitate should form
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Why does the non-reducing sugar test give the result it does despite it being a non-reducing sugar?
The non-reducing sugar is broken down into its monosaccharides, which are reducing sugars.
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Name a non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
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Name a reducing sugar
Any monosaccharide, or any disaccharide barring sucrose
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What is the test for starch? Name and describe
Iodine test - add a few drops of iodine to the sample. If it turns blue-black then starch is present
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What elements are lipids made up of?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and (sometimes) phosphorous
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What are the two types of lipid?
Phospholipid and triglyceride
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Describe the structure of a triglyceride. (Draw or write)
A glycerol molecule, attached to three fatty acids
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What is an alternate name for 'fatty acids'?
Hydrocarbon 'tails'
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What is a saturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid without any double bonds between the carbons
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What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
A fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbons
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What reactions form triglycerides?
Condensation reactions
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What is the name of the bond between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid?
An ester bond
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During the formation of a triglyceride, how many water molecules are released?
Three
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How does a phospholipid differ from a triglyceride?
Instead of having three fatty acids, a phospholipid has two. In place of the third fatty acid, it has a phosphate group
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What is the function of a triglyceride, and how does this relate to their function?
Energy storage molecules. The long hydrocarbon chains have many bonds to break for energy, therefore they fit their purpose. They are also insoluble in water, meaning that they do not affect osmosis1
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What is the function of a phospholipid, and how does this relate to the structure?
They make up the bilayer of cell membranes. As phospholipid heads (phosphate groups) are hydrophilic, and hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, they can control what water-soluble substances enter and leave the cell
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What is the test for lipids? Name and describe
The emulsion test. Shake/grind the test substance with ethanol, and filter into a test tube with water. If there is lipid present, a milky emulsion will form
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What are the monomers or proteins?
Amino acids
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How is a dipeptide formed?
When two amino acids are joined together by a condensation reaction
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What is the name of the bond between the two amino acids?
A peptide bond
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What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids
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What is a protein made up of?
One or more polypeptides
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Describe the structure of an amino acid.
A carboxyl group, an amine/amino group, and an R group attached to a carbon. See picture: http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/chemistry/generalformula.gif
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How many different amino acids groups are there?
20, therefore each protein is made up of a combination of those 20 amino acids
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How are dipeptides and polypeptides broken down?
A molecule of water is added to each peptide bond - a process known as hydrolysis
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How many levels of protein structure are there? Name these four levels
4. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
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What is primary structure?
The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
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What is secondary structure?
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet - the shape of the polypeptide chain
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What is tertiary structure?
The final 3D structure of a single polypeptide chain. The coiled/folded chain is coiled/folded even more. Bonds begin to form between the parts of the chain, either hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, or disulphide bridges
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What is quaternary structure?
The final 3D structure of more than one polypeptide chain joined together
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What is the function of haemoglobin, and why is the structure of haemoglobin relevant to its function?
Haemoglobin is compact and soluble, which makes it easy to transport, therefore it is suitable for carrying oxygen around the body?
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What is the function of collagen, and why is the structure of it appropriate for its function?
Collagen is found in connective tissue. It is made of three polypeptide chains tightly coiled together, therefore it is incredibly strong. Supportive tissue in animals undergoes lots of wear, therefore collagen is suited to its function
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What is the test for proteins? Name and describe it, including the results
The Biuret test. Add a few drps of biuret A (sodium hydroxide solution), then a few drops of biuret B (copper(II) sulfate solution). If protein is present, then the solution turns purple. If not, it stays blue
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What elements are carbohydrates made up of?
Back
Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
Card 3
Front
What elements are lipids made up of?
Back
Card 4
Front
Name a monosaccharide
Back
Card 5
Front
Name a disaccharide and the components it is made up of
Back
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