Carbohydrates

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  • Created on: 02-10-22 17:00
What are the 3 main functions of carbohydrates?
1) Short-term energy storage - ATP
2) Long-term energy storage - glycogen/ starch and cellulose
3) Structural Components
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What elements are found in all carbohydrates?
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
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What does the word monosaccharide mean?
Mono - one
Saccharide - sugar
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What is made from 2 monosaccharides?
Disaccharide
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State the monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
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State the Disaccharides
Maltose - glucose + glucose
Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Lactose - glucose + galactose
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What is the glycemic index?
Measurement of blood glucose level increase from consumption of carbohydrates
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What is made from joining many monosaccharides?
Polysaccharides
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Which of the 3 classes are soluble in water?
Mono and Di saccharides
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Which of the 3 classes are sweet tasting?
Mono and Di saccharides
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Chemical formula for monosaccharides
(CH O)
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Monosaccharide with 3 carbons?
Triose
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Monosaccharide with 5 carbons?
Pentose
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Monosaccharide with 6 carbons?
Hexose
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Examples of Hexose
Glucose - most important
Fructose
Galactose
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What is an isomer?
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different stucture
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What are the 2 isomers of glucose?
Alpha glucose
Beta Glucose
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What is the difference between the 2 isomers of glucose?
Alpha glucose -OH groups goes Down, Down, Up, Down when starting from carbon 1
Beta glucose -OH groups goes Up, Down, Up, Down when starting from carbon 1
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What bond joins monosaccharide units in a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bonds
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What reaction forms a disaccharide?
Condensation reaction
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Through which reaction can a condensation reaction be reversed?
Hydrolysis reaction
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Hydrolysis takes place when food is digested.
What enzymes are involved?
Amylase
Maltose
Sucrase
Lactase
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What are reducing sugars?
All monosaccharides
Maltose
Lactose
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Why are they described as reducing sugars?
With heat they reduce the blue copper sulphate in Benedict’s solution to red copper oxide
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What test is used for reducing sugars?
Benedict’s Solution
+
Heat (water bath)
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What type of data does this test produce?
Qualitative
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Why is not possible to distinguish between very concentrated samples, even when their concentration is different?
The colour will stay brick red above a certain % so there won’t be a difference in colour to see
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Which disaccharide is a non-reducing sugar?
Sucrose
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What test is used for a non-reducing sugar?
First a negative Benedict’s result is needed
Then add hydrochloride acid + heat
Neutralise the solution with an alkaline
Test again with Benedict’s solution
It should now change colour
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What are the resulting colours from the Benedict’s test?
Blue - Benedict’s solution
Green / Yellow - traces of reducing sugar
Orange - moderate amount of reducing sugar
Brick Red - large amounts of reducing sugar
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What are two types of storage polysaccharide?
Starch
Glycogen
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What is the role of starch?
Insoluble store of glycogen in plants
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What are the 2 polymers that make up starch?
Amylose
Amylopectin
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What isomer of glucose is Amylose made from?
Alpha glucose
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Amylose forms a helix structure, why is this?
The angle of the glycosidic bond, hydrogen bonds hold it in place.
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What isomer of glucose makes up amylopectin?
Alpha Glucose
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Difference between amylopectin and amylose?
Amylopectin is branched (1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds)
Amylose is a linear chain (1,4 glycosidic bonds only)
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How is the structure of starch suited to it’s function?
Compact shape - takes up little space
Insoluble - does not affect water potential
Easily Hydrolysed - glucose for respiration
Branched - can be acted on by enzymes on many ends, so glucose oils rapidly released
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What is they biochemical test for starch?
Iodine test - blue black to brown
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What glucose monomer males up glycogen?
Alpha Glucose
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What type of bonds are found in glycogen?
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
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Glycogen structure related to function
Compact shape - takes up little space
Insoluble - osmotically inert
Easily hydrolysed - glucose for respiration
Speed of hydrolysis - animals have a higher metabolic rate than plants so need glucose faster
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What isomer of glucose makes up cellulose?
Beta Glucose
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What bonds form cellulose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds
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What does every second monomer do in cellulose?
Rotates by 180 degrees so each hydroxyl group matches
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Structure of cellulose
Straight unbranched chain that run parallel to each other
Held together by hydrogen bonds
Groups of molecules called microfibrils
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What elements are found in all carbohydrates?

Back

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

Card 3

Front

What does the word monosaccharide mean?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is made from 2 monosaccharides?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

State the monosaccharides

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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