Carbohydrates
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- Created on: 02-10-22 17:00
What are the 3 main functions of carbohydrates?
1) Short-term energy storage - ATP
2) Long-term energy storage - glycogen/ starch and cellulose
3) Structural Components
2) Long-term energy storage - glycogen/ starch and cellulose
3) Structural Components
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What elements are found in all carbohydrates?
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
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What does the word monosaccharide mean?
Mono - one
Saccharide - sugar
Saccharide - sugar
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What is made from 2 monosaccharides?
Disaccharide
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State the monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Fructose
Galactose
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State the Disaccharides
Maltose - glucose + glucose
Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Lactose - glucose + galactose
Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Lactose - glucose + galactose
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What is the glycemic index?
Measurement of blood glucose level increase from consumption of carbohydrates
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What is made from joining many monosaccharides?
Polysaccharides
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Which of the 3 classes are soluble in water?
Mono and Di saccharides
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Which of the 3 classes are sweet tasting?
Mono and Di saccharides
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Chemical formula for monosaccharides
(CH O)
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Monosaccharide with 3 carbons?
Triose
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Monosaccharide with 5 carbons?
Pentose
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Monosaccharide with 6 carbons?
Hexose
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Examples of Hexose
Glucose - most important
Fructose
Galactose
Fructose
Galactose
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What is an isomer?
Molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different stucture
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What are the 2 isomers of glucose?
Alpha glucose
Beta Glucose
Beta Glucose
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What is the difference between the 2 isomers of glucose?
Alpha glucose -OH groups goes Down, Down, Up, Down when starting from carbon 1
Beta glucose -OH groups goes Up, Down, Up, Down when starting from carbon 1
Beta glucose -OH groups goes Up, Down, Up, Down when starting from carbon 1
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What bond joins monosaccharide units in a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bonds
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What reaction forms a disaccharide?
Condensation reaction
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Through which reaction can a condensation reaction be reversed?
Hydrolysis reaction
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Hydrolysis takes place when food is digested.
What enzymes are involved?
What enzymes are involved?
Amylase
Maltose
Sucrase
Lactase
Maltose
Sucrase
Lactase
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What are reducing sugars?
All monosaccharides
Maltose
Lactose
Maltose
Lactose
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Why are they described as reducing sugars?
With heat they reduce the blue copper sulphate in Benedict’s solution to red copper oxide
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What test is used for reducing sugars?
Benedict’s Solution
+
Heat (water bath)
+
Heat (water bath)
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What type of data does this test produce?
Qualitative
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Why is not possible to distinguish between very concentrated samples, even when their concentration is different?
The colour will stay brick red above a certain % so there won’t be a difference in colour to see
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Which disaccharide is a non-reducing sugar?
Sucrose
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What test is used for a non-reducing sugar?
First a negative Benedict’s result is needed
Then add hydrochloride acid + heat
Neutralise the solution with an alkaline
Test again with Benedict’s solution
It should now change colour
Then add hydrochloride acid + heat
Neutralise the solution with an alkaline
Test again with Benedict’s solution
It should now change colour
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What are the resulting colours from the Benedict’s test?
Blue - Benedict’s solution
Green / Yellow - traces of reducing sugar
Orange - moderate amount of reducing sugar
Brick Red - large amounts of reducing sugar
Green / Yellow - traces of reducing sugar
Orange - moderate amount of reducing sugar
Brick Red - large amounts of reducing sugar
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What are two types of storage polysaccharide?
Starch
Glycogen
Glycogen
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What is the role of starch?
Insoluble store of glycogen in plants
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What are the 2 polymers that make up starch?
Amylose
Amylopectin
Amylopectin
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What isomer of glucose is Amylose made from?
Alpha glucose
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Amylose forms a helix structure, why is this?
The angle of the glycosidic bond, hydrogen bonds hold it in place.
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What isomer of glucose makes up amylopectin?
Alpha Glucose
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Difference between amylopectin and amylose?
Amylopectin is branched (1,6 and 1,4 glycosidic bonds)
Amylose is a linear chain (1,4 glycosidic bonds only)
Amylose is a linear chain (1,4 glycosidic bonds only)
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How is the structure of starch suited to it’s function?
Compact shape - takes up little space
Insoluble - does not affect water potential
Easily Hydrolysed - glucose for respiration
Branched - can be acted on by enzymes on many ends, so glucose oils rapidly released
Insoluble - does not affect water potential
Easily Hydrolysed - glucose for respiration
Branched - can be acted on by enzymes on many ends, so glucose oils rapidly released
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What is they biochemical test for starch?
Iodine test - blue black to brown
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What glucose monomer males up glycogen?
Alpha Glucose
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What type of bonds are found in glycogen?
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
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Glycogen structure related to function
Compact shape - takes up little space
Insoluble - osmotically inert
Easily hydrolysed - glucose for respiration
Speed of hydrolysis - animals have a higher metabolic rate than plants so need glucose faster
Insoluble - osmotically inert
Easily hydrolysed - glucose for respiration
Speed of hydrolysis - animals have a higher metabolic rate than plants so need glucose faster
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What isomer of glucose makes up cellulose?
Beta Glucose
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What bonds form cellulose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds
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What does every second monomer do in cellulose?
Rotates by 180 degrees so each hydroxyl group matches
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Structure of cellulose
Straight unbranched chain that run parallel to each other
Held together by hydrogen bonds
Groups of molecules called microfibrils
Held together by hydrogen bonds
Groups of molecules called microfibrils
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What elements are found in all carbohydrates?
Back
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
Card 3
Front
What does the word monosaccharide mean?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is made from 2 monosaccharides?
Back
Card 5
Front
State the monosaccharides
Back
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