Carbohydrates

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  • Created by: samya_
  • Created on: 11-12-17 11:39
What are most carbohydrates? What are they made from?
Most carbohydrates are polymers. They are made from monosaccharides
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What are polymers?
Large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together
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What are monomers? (EXAMPLES)
Small, basic molecular units (monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides
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What type of sugar is Glucose?
Hexose sugar which is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in each moleculeh
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Name the 2 Types of Glucose? What are they?
*Alpha Glucose *Beta Glucose THEY ARE ISOMERS
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What are Isomer?
Molecules with the same molecular formula as each other but with the atoms connected in a different way
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Draw the structure Alpha Glucose Molecule?
.............. look in revision guide
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Data the structure of a Beta Glucose Molecule?
.................look in revision guide
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What is the difference between an alpha and beta glucose Molecule
The position of the -OH group attached to carbon 1 atoms is switched
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What is a condensation reaction?
When 2 molecules are joined together with the formation of a new chemical bond and a water molecule is released when the bond is formed
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What does a condensation reaction do?
It joins monosaccharides together
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What bond is formed in a condensation reaction?
Glycosidic bond forms between two monosaccharides as a molecule of water is released
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What forms when two monosaccharides are joined together?
Disaccharide
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What should you do in a condensation reaction?
Put water molecule as a product in equation
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What is sucrose?
Disaccharide formed from a condensation reaction between a Glucose Molecule and a fructose molecule
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What is lactose?
Disaccharide formed from a condensation reaction between a Glucose and galactose
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What is Maltose?
Disaccharide formed from a condensation reaction between two ALPHA Glucose molecules
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How can polymers be broken down into monomers?
Polymers can be broken down into monomers by hydrolysis reactions
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A reaction that breaks the chemical bond between monomers using a water molecules .
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What can carbohydrates be broken down into?
Carbohydrates can be broken down into their constituent monosaccharides by hydrolysis reactions
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Explain Benedict's Test for Sugars?
*reducing sugars contain all monosaccharides and some disaccharides 1) add Benedict's reagent to sample and heat in a water bath that had been brought to boil 2) if test pos will from coloured precipitate 3) Higher conc the further colour change gos
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What does the colour of the precipitate gradually change ttooo if test positive
Blue , green, yellow, orange, brick red
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What is in Benedict's Reagent and what sort should you use?
Copper sulfate(II) ALWAYS use an excess of Benedict's solution- this makes sure that all the sugar reacts
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What is the more accurate way of measuring?
Filter the solution and weigh the precipitate
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What do you first have to do to test for non- reducing sugars?
FIRST have to break them down into monosaccharides! BY: getting new sample of test solution and adding dilute HCL and carefully heating in water bath that's been brought to boil
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Explain the Benedict's Test for non-reducing Sugars after first process?
THEN neuatralise it(the solution) with sodium hydrogencabenate. Then just carry out Original Benedict's Test for reducing sugar . IF TEST POS will form a coloured precipitate. IF TEST NEG will stay blue ( which means Dosent contain any sugar)
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When is a polysaccharide formed?
When more that 2 monosaccharides are joined together by condensation reactions
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What is starch?
The main energy storage material in plants *Plants store excess Glucose as starch
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What are the 2 polysaccharides oh alpha Glucose starch is a mixture of?
Amylose AND Amylopectin
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How is Amylose formed? (Starch formed)
Lots of alpha-Glucose molecules joined together by glycosidic bonds
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Explain what Amylose is and STRUCTURE?
Amylose is a long unbranched chain of alpha Glucose. The angles of the glycosidic binds give it a coiled structure( wound into helix shape), almost like a cylinder. This makes it compact so really good for storage as can fit more(energy) in
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Is starch Insoluble in water?
YES!! insoluble so Cell water potential not affected. DOSENT CAUSE WATER TO ENTER CELLS BY OSMOSIS- WHICH WOULD MAKE CELL SWELL. WATER CANNOT MOVE THRKUGHT PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
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Explain what Amylopectin is and STRUCTURE?
Amylopectin is a long branched chain of alpha Glucose. It's side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to get at glycosidic bonds easily . This means that's the Glucose can be released quickly
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Explain the iodine Test for starch?
Just add iodine dissolved in potassium iodide solution to the tests sample . If there is Starch present, sample changes from browny orange to blue black colour
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What is glycogen?
Main energy storage material in animals. Animals store excess Glucose as glycogen (another polysaccaharide of alpha Glucose)
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Explain the structure of Glycogen?
*structure similar to Amylopectin , jt has loads more side branches- thus more sites the enzymes can act on in order to hydrolyse the glycogen to release energy *more side branches means that stored Glucose can be released quickly *also very compt
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What are the similarities and differences between Glycogen and starch?
BOTH JOINED BY GLYCOSIDC BONDS * Glycogen has more side branches p(more branched) thus broken down more rapidly *Gkycogwn is less dense and more soluble than starch
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What is cellulose?
The major compnent of cell walls in plants
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What is cellulose made of?
Long, unbrnached chains of beta glucose.
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What happens when beta Glucose molecules bond,
They form straight cellulose chains
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What are cellulose chains linked together by?
Hydrogen bonds to form strong firbrils called microfibrils. The strong fibres means cellulose provides structural support for cells
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In CELLULOSE what do the hydrogen bonding s between chains do?
The hydrogen bonding between chains gives cellulose molecules great tensile strength for structural support
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How is cellulose different from starch?
It has straight chains instead of helixical * it is straight instead of branched * uses beta g,ucose *cellulose has parallel chains
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Card 3

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Card 4

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Card 5

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