C1 OCR Gateway B

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What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. These are separated into useful products, such as fuels, using a process called fractional distillation.
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How are crude oil, coal and gas formed?
Coal was formed from dead plant material, crude oil and gas were formed from dead marine organisms.
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What are the problems of extracting crude oil?
Oil slicks travel across the sea, far from the original spill, beaches and wildlife are harmed when they are coated with oil.
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What is distillation?
Distillation is a process that can be used to separate a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids. It works when the liquids have different boiling points. Distillation is commonly used to separate ethanol (the alcohol in alcoholic drinks) from water.
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What is fractiona distilation?
Separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
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What is cracking?
Cracking allows large hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into smaller alkane and alkene molecules. Smaller hydrocarbons are more useful as fuels, such as petrols, alkenes are useful, because they are used to make polymers.
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What are 3 atmospheric pollutants?
Carbon monoxide -incomplete combustion in cars. Oxides of nitrogen, NOx - from from heat and pressures found in car engine. Sulfur Dioxide- Sulfur impurities in the fuel burn.
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Why are atmospheric pollutants bad?
They have several bad effects on the environment. Killing plants and aquatic life, eroding stonework and corroding metals.
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What is the word and symbol equation for a catalyctic conver?
carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide → nitrogen + carbon dioxide, 2CO + 2NO → N2 + 2CO2
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What was the earths early atmoshpere made out of?
Lots of carbon dioxide with little oxygen, water vapour, ammonia and methane.
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Why is the atmophere like it is today?
Earth cooled down forming the oceans. CO2 was abosrbed by plants and dissolved in oceans. Oxygen went up due to photosynthesis. Nitrogen stayed like it was because it's not very reactive.
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What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are compounds made from carbon and hydrogen atoms joined by covalent bonds.
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What are alkane and alkenes?
Alkanes are saturated - they have only single bonds. Alkenes have a double bond - they are unsaturated. Alkenes react with brown bromine water and decolourise it, but alkanes do not.
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Name the first 10 alkanes.
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane.
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Name the first 9 alkenes.
Ethene, propene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene.
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What is the bromine water test?
It becomes colourless when shaken with an alkene. Alkenes can decolourise bromine water, while alkanes cannot.
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What is a polymer?
plastics - are very large molecules made from many smaller molecules called monomers.
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What is a monomer?
A simple molecule.
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How do you name a polymer?
Add poly to the beginning. Poly-ethene (polyethene).
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What can polyethen be used for?
Plastic bags and bottles.
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What can polystyrene be used for?
Insulation and protective packaging.
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What two polymers are not made from alekens?
Nylon and polyesters. Can be mixed with natural fibres such as cotton to make soft but hard-wearing cloth.
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What is the common polymer used for water proofing?
Nylon. Is tough, lightweight and waterproof.
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Why is GORE-TEX breathable?
It allows water vapour to pass but not rain drops.
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Name 3 ways to dispose of polymers?
Landfill, Incineration and Recycling.
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What chemical changes does cooking create?
New substance, it's irreversible and an energy change occurs.
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What is it called when protein molecules change shape?
Denaturing and it's permanent.
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What happens to carbohydrates when cooked?
In starch, the cell wall breaks leading to a softer texture. Starch grains in the cells swell and spread out.
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What are the 4 times of food additives?
Antioxidants - stop food from reacting with oxygen. Colourings - improve the colour of food. Flavour enhancers - improve the flavour of food. Emulsifiers - help oil and water mix, and not separate out.
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What is an emulsifier?
A substance that binds water and oil together. The hydrophilic heads binds with water and the hydrophobic tail joins with the oil.
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What is the equation of sodium hydrocarbonate being heated?
sodium hydrogencarbonate → sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water (2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O)
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How do you test for carbon dioxide?
A simple lab test, Limewater turns cloudy white when CO2 is bubbled through it.
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How are esters made?
By alcohol reacting with an acid. They are used in perfumes, and as solvents. Nail varnish dissolves in nail varnish remover, but not in water.
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What are 5 properties that perfumes need to have?
Non toxic, does not irritate the skin. evaporates easily (very volatile), insoluble in water, non reactive with water,1
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State the word equation for makin and ester.
alcohol + organic acid → ester + water
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What is a solvent?
A solvent is a liquid that dissolves substances.
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What is a solute?
The substance that dissolves is called the solute
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What is a solution?
A mixture formed by a solvent and a solution.
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What is soluble and insoluble.
Substances that can dissolve in a particular solvent are soluble. Substances that cannot dissolve in a particular solvent are insoluble.
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What does a particular solvent depend on if it will dissolve?
The relative strengths of the attractive forces; between the solute particle, between the solvent particles, between the solute particles and solvent particles.
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How does nail varnish work?
The attraction between water and nail varnish particles is weaker than the attraction that joins water to water and the attraction that joins nail varnish to nail varnish.
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How are medicines tested?
Using a computer model of human cells grown in a lab. Are tested on animals. Tested on healthy people.
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What are the ingridients to make a paint?
Apigment - gives the paint its colour. A binding medium - a liquid polymer that hardens to form a continuous layer when the paint dries. A solvent - dissolves the binding medium and makes the paint more fluid.
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What is an emulsion paint?
Emulsion paints are water-based. Their solvent is water and they dry when the water evaporates.
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What is an oil paint?
The pigments in oil paints are dispersed in oil, which may itself be dissolved in a solvent. The solvent evaporates away when the paint dries. This leaves the pigment and oil behind. The oil oxidises to form a hard film.
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What are colloids?
In a colloid, particles of one substance are mixed and dispersed with particles of another substance - but they are not dissolved in it. The components do not separate out because their particles are small enough not to settle at the bottom.
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State 2 different types of pigments.
Thermochromic pigments are sensitive to temperature. They change colour when they are heated up or cooled down. Phosphorescent pigments glow in the dark. They absorb light energy, store it, and release it over a period of time.
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Why were glow in the dark paints in the past dangerous?
Because they used to be radioactive paints.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How are crude oil, coal and gas formed?

Back

Coal was formed from dead plant material, crude oil and gas were formed from dead marine organisms.

Card 3

Front

What are the problems of extracting crude oil?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is distillation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is fractiona distilation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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