Biology(Infection and response)
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- Created by: JemimaStubbs
- Created on: 11-04-21 11:56
what are the two types of diseases?
*communicable diseases
*non-communicable diseases
*non-communicable diseases
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what are communicable diseases?
what causes them?
what causes them?
a disease you can catch, caused by pathogens
which are disease-causing micro-organisms
which are disease-causing micro-organisms
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what are the main human pathogens?
the main human pathogens are viruses and bacteria, some protists and fungi are also pathogens
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examples of disease caused by bacteria
cholera, sepsis, tetanus, tuberculosis and
typhoid
typhoid
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examples of disease caused by viruses
Ebola, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox
and polio
and polio
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what are non-communicable diseases and what causes them?
non-communicable diseases are diseases that you cant catch, they are caused by other factors, such as lifestyle (diet, smoking), your genes or just getting old
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what are bacteria and how do they cause disease?
bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms. only a few types of bacteria cause disease, most are harmless and many are useful, bacteria cause disease when they multiply inside the body, they simply split in two, binary fission, they often produce toxins(p
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what are viruses and how do they cause
disease?
disease?
viruses are so small that you need an electron microscope to see them, they can't reproduce on their own, they reproduce by getting inside your cells ad using their own DNA to instruct cells to make for viruses, the new viruses burst out of the cell causi
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compare bacteria : viruses...
size?
visible?
reproduce?
effects?
size?
visible?
reproduce?
effects?
1/1000 mm : 1/1,000,000 mm
light microscope : electron microscope
reproduce quickly, binary fission : grow and reproduce within host cells
produce toxins that cause illness : damage cells when burst out
light microscope : electron microscope
reproduce quickly, binary fission : grow and reproduce within host cells
produce toxins that cause illness : damage cells when burst out
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common symptoms of a common cold and why
do the symptoms appear?
do the symptoms appear?
common disease symptoms are a fever, cough, sneezes, vomiting and diarrhea. these are caused by damage and toxins produced by the pathogen, the symptoms appear as a result of the way your body responds.
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what is a pathogen?
a pathogen is a micro-organism that causes disease, not all microbes are pathogens.
PATHOGENS spread NOT disease.
PATHOGENS spread NOT disease.
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what are three ways a person can get infected?
~by air [including droplet infection]
~direct contact
~by water
~direct contact
~by water
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how do the pathogens enter the body by air?
examples?
examples?
an infected person expels droplets of infection
and disease when you cough and sneeze, others may breathe in this air and the droplets so they catch the infection.
eg. Flu {influenza}, tuberculosis {TB}, common
cold
and disease when you cough and sneeze, others may breathe in this air and the droplets so they catch the infection.
eg. Flu {influenza}, tuberculosis {TB}, common
cold
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how do the pathogens enter the body by direct contact?
examples?
examples?
disease spreads by direct contact with skin, through cuts/scratches and needle punctures that
give access to the blood, animals can act as vectors transmitting the infection between humans.
eg. HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, syphilis
give access to the blood, animals can act as vectors transmitting the infection between humans.
eg. HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, syphilis
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how do pathogens enter the body by water?
exapmles?
exapmles?
from uncooked food or contaminated water and food by sewage is eaten or drank. the pathogen enters the digestion system.
eg. cholera, diarrhea, salmonella
eg. cholera, diarrhea, salmonella
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how can we reduce or prevent the spread of pathogens?
make sure food is cooked properly, wash our hands regularly, isolation, social distancing
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when pathogens enter the body how do they cause harm?
by emitting toxins in the blood and poisoning the body, they reproduce so they increase in
numbers, bacteria produce toxins and viruses damage the cells.
numbers, bacteria produce toxins and viruses damage the cells.
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Who was John Snow?
Dr John Snow, a pioneering doctor who had worked with people suffering from cholera, became interested in an outbreak in London in 1854.
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Human virus; measles...
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
Measles >inhalation of droplets from diseases and sneezing
>fever, red skin rash, serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise
>infected individuals isolate, children vaccinated
>fever, red skin rash, serious illness that can be fatal if complications arise
>infected individuals isolate, children vaccinated
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Human virus; HIV(AIDS)...
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
HIV(AIDS)>sexual contact, needles, exchange of bodily fluids
>initially causes a flu-like illness, the virus attacks the immune cells, late stage HIV occurs when the body's immune system is no longer able to deal with other infections
>anti-retroviral dru
>initially causes a flu-like illness, the virus attacks the immune cells, late stage HIV occurs when the body's immune system is no longer able to deal with other infections
>anti-retroviral dru
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Plant virus; Tobacco Mosaic Virus...
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
Tobacco Mosaic Virus>contact between infected and healthy plants, insects can act as vectors
>it gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discoloration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to the lack of photosynthesis.
>use pest control
>it gives a distinctive 'mosaic' pattern of discoloration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to the lack of photosynthesis.
>use pest control
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Human bacteria; Gonorrhea...
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
Gonorrhea>an STD spread by unprotected sexual contact with an infected person
>thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis, pain urinating, symptoms occur early then becomes relativity symptomless
>antibiotics{penicillin}, use condoms, barri
>thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis, pain urinating, symptoms occur early then becomes relativity symptomless
>antibiotics{penicillin}, use condoms, barri
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Human bacteria; salmonella...
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
salmonella>spread by eating food contaminated with salmonella bacterium, raw meat or prepared unhygienic
>fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
>oral dehydration drinks, wash hands and surfaces after handling raw meat, cook chicken thoroughly
>fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
>oral dehydration drinks, wash hands and surfaces after handling raw meat, cook chicken thoroughly
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Plants bacteria; Agrobacterium tumefaciens...
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens>bacteria inserts plasmids{small sections of DNA} into plant cells
>tumor/growths form
>treat using expensive antibiotics, destroy infected plants
>tumor/growths form
>treat using expensive antibiotics, destroy infected plants
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Plants fungi; Rose Black Spot...
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
what is the method of transmission, the symptoms and the cure/reducing spreading?
Rose Black Spot>spores spread by wind and water
>purple/black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early, affects growth of plants as photosynthesis is reduced
> can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the af
>purple/black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early, affects growth of plants as photosynthesis is reduced
> can be treated by using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the af
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what is a protist?
a single cell organism
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how would you describe the protist pathogen that causes malaria?
parasite
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life cycle of malaria protist in body
of female mosquito?
of female mosquito?
sexual reproduction, protist moves from stomach to salivary gland, temperature is low which triggers sexual reproduction
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life cycle of malaria protist in human body?
asexual reproduction, affects the liver and then the red blood cells
symptoms; fever, high temperature, hot and shivering, vomiting , headaches, muscle pains, diarrhea
symptoms; fever, high temperature, hot and shivering, vomiting , headaches, muscle pains, diarrhea
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Malaria control measures
insecticide impregnated mosquito nets^prevents transmission by stopping mosquito's getting to body, so it doesn't bite
insecticides^prevents transmission by killing the mosquito's{sprays,repellent}
removing standing water^prevents transmission by preventi
insecticides^prevents transmission by killing the mosquito's{sprays,repellent}
removing standing water^prevents transmission by preventi
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what is the cycle of a single celled organism that causes malaria?
()mosquito takes infected blood meal()male and female gametes fuse in mosquito's stomach()cell division produces thousands of immature malarial parasites()infective stages of parasite invade mosquito's salivary glands()infected mosquito takes blood meal()
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what is an...
epidemic?
pandemic?
epidemic?
pandemic?
epidemic-when a disease spreads rapidly to many people [Ebola]
pandemic-is when a disease spreads globally [Covid-19]
pandemic-is when a disease spreads globally [Covid-19]
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how do skin and scabs prevent pathogens entering the body as a defense mechanism?
undamaged skin is a very effective barrier against microorganisms, if it gets damaged the blood clots quickly, seals the cut with a scab to keep microorganisms out.
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how do mucus and cilia in trachea and bronchi prevent pathogens entering the body as a defense mechanism?
the whole respiratory tract (nasal passage, wind pipe and lungs) is lined with mucus and cilia, the mucus catches dust and bacterium before they reach the lungs and the cilia push the mucus away from the lungs.
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how does stomach acid prevent pathogens entering the body as a defense mechanism?
the lining of the stomach has different special cells, these make hydrochloric acid and are part of your bodies chemical barrier, the acid kills any microorganisms in your food or the mucus you have swallowed
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how does your nose prevent pathogens entering the body as a defense mechanism?
hairs and sticky mucus in the nose trap particles including air bacteria pathogens preventing them from reaching the lungs
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how do tears prevent pathogens entering the body as a defense mechanism?
eyes produce an enzyme in tears called lysozyme, this kills bacteria on the surface of the eye, this is a chemical barrier not a physical one
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how does the role of the white blood cells ingesting microorganisms protect you against disease?
{ phagocytosis } some white blood cells (phagocytes) ingest pathogens, destroying them so they can't make you ill. engulf+digest
they target anything that doesn't belong to your body
they target anything that doesn't belong to your body
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how does the role of the white blood cells producing antibodies protect you against disease?
some white blood cells produce special chemicals called antibodies, these target specific bacteria or viruses and destroy them, you need a unique antibody for each type of pathogen, once your white blood cells produce antibodies against a particular patho
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how does the role of the white blood cells producing antitoxins protect you against disease?
some white blood cells produce antitoxins, these counteract the toxins released by pathogens, they neutralize the toxins, toxins are poisonous chemicals that make you feel ill
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what is a non-specific response?
whit blood cells engulf and digest pathogens before they reproduce
PHAGOCYTE
PHAGOCYTE
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what is a specific response?
white blood cells produce antibodies to kill a specific pathogen and antitoxins to destroy a specific toxin
LYMPHOCYTE
LYMPHOCYTE
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describe the antibody production and immunity graph after being exposed to a disease
person infected with pathogen for the first time, takes time for pathogen to reproduce an release toxins, antibody number are low, WBC produce and release antibodies, numbers increase until pathogen destroyed, antibody no. falls and memoy cells remain in
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cont.
little time to reproduce and release toxins, antibody levels decrease more slowly after reinfection, a person can be vaccinated with a dead or inactive pathogen to stimulate primary immune response, this person has immunity to the pathogen
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how are antibodies made to protect you from
infection?
infection?
bacteria or virus gain entry to body, once inside the microorganism reproduces very quickly, start to produce waste toxins that made you feel unwell, if nothing is done then the microorganisms will produce so much toxins that you could die, however the bo
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cont.
this enables other WBC to attack the microorganisms and destroy them, antibodies are then available or can be made rapidly if you are invaded with the same microbe again, therefore you have long term immunity to the disease
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what is heard immunity?
when a large percentage of the population are immune this is called herd immunity. it reduces the likelihood of the pathogen spreading to non-vaccinated individuals, and spreading throughout the population
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what hormone is present in the urine of a pregnant woman?
human chorionic gonadotrophin
(HGC)
(HGC)
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what do pregnancy tests rely on?
pregnancy tests rely on monoclonal antibodies that bind onto a hormone (HGC) which is made in the early stages of pregnancy, tiny amounts of the hormone are passed out of the body in the urine, this is what is picked up by the monoclonal antibodies in the
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what is a monoclonal antibody?
are antibodies which are made to target
particular cells or chemicals in the body
particular cells or chemicals in the body
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what is a hybridoma?
scientists combine mouse lymphocytes which have been stimulated to make a particular antibody with a type of tumor cell to make a cell called a hybridoma.
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what can hybridoma cells do?
they can make a specific antibody and divide, they are cloned to make a large number of identical cells which all make the same antibody, the antibodies are collected and purified, they are monoclonal antibodies, antibodies from a single clone of cells
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what are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?
diagnosis of disease{can be made to bind to specific antigens, can carry markers which make to easy for doctors to see where they have built up, doctors can detect problems before they affect someones health,}
eg. the blood tests for prostate cancer uses
eg. the blood tests for prostate cancer uses
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what are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?
treatment of disease{monoclonal antibodies can be used to carry drugs to specific tissues, because they bind to the antigens in a tumor}
eg. take drugs or radioactive substances directly
to the cancer cells
eg. take drugs or radioactive substances directly
to the cancer cells
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how can a scientist produce a monoclonal antibody for a specific antigen?
inject the protein/antigen into a mouse, the mouse will then produce many B cells that secrete antibodies, combine the B lymphocytes with a cancer calls to make hybridoma cells, find the hybridoma cell which makes a monoclonal antibody specific to the ant
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define antigen?
a substance, molecule found on the outside of pathogen, that causes the immune system to produce antibodies
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define antibody?
a protein produced by the white blood cells (body's immune system) that attaches to a
specific antigen to destroy a pathogen
specific antigen to destroy a pathogen
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what is the use on a tumor cell in monoclonal antibody production?
cell divides but does not make antibodies
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advantages of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of disease
~targets specific disease or damage, so doesn't damage healthy tissue
~potential to treat a wide range of diseases
~maybe cheaper as all treatment use same tested technology
~potential to treat a wide range of diseases
~maybe cheaper as all treatment use same tested technology
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disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of disease
~side affects
~producing right monoclonal antibodies and attaching to drugs proving difficult
~producing right monoclonal antibodies and attaching to drugs proving difficult
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Drug;digitalis
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
heart medicine
foxgloves{poisonous}
foxgloves{poisonous}
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Drug;aspirin
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
painkiller
plant-meadow sweet
plant-meadow sweet
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Drug;cocaine
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
recreational drug, once used as a pain killer
coca bush
coca bush
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Drug;atropine
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
decreases secretions during surgery
belladonna (deadly nightshade)
belladonna (deadly nightshade)
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Drug;penicillin
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
bacterial infections
penicillin mould
penicillin mould
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Drug;quinine
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
what is the use of/effect on the body?
where does it originate from?
malaria
cinchona tree bark
cinchona tree bark
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what is the purpose of computer stimulation in developing new medicinal drugs?
can predict how drugs would interact with target
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tissue and organ testing
how drug affects cells or tissues; is it effective on real tissue
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animal testing
what side effects may be caused in a whole organism and what doses might be effective
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small clinical trials on healthy people
whether the drug causes dangerous side-effects in low doses
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small clinical trials on affected patients
can see if the drug treats the condition in people with the disease and is safe to use on these people
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large clinical trails
can see what optimum dose is and if drug is effective for a wide range of different people {old,young,obese}
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describe what a placebo is
a medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested (used in clinical trails of new medicine)
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describe what a double-blind trail is
some patients are given a placebo but neither patient or administrator/doctor/nurse know which
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what is a control group?
the group of people in a drug trail who are not given the new drug
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what is an open trial?
both patient and doctor know if the patient is in the control group
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what is a blind trial?
the doctor knows whether the patient is in the control group or not but the patient does not
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what is a human trial?
the last stage of drug testing when drugs are tested on humans
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what does aseptic mean?
free from microbes
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what does autoclave mean?
strong heated container for high pressure and high temperature sterilisation
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what is the maximum temperature at which school cultues are allowed and why is it?
25 degrees Celsius, reduces growth of pathogens which prefer higher temperatures near to 37 (human body temp)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are communicable diseases?
what causes them?
what causes them?
Back
a disease you can catch, caused by pathogens
which are disease-causing micro-organisms
which are disease-causing micro-organisms
Card 3
Front
what are the main human pathogens?
Back
Card 4
Front
examples of disease caused by bacteria
Back
Card 5
Front
examples of disease caused by viruses
Back
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