Biology B3 Edexcel Extension Science Test Flashcards

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State three main roles of the kidneys
Removal of Urea, Adjustment of ion levels in the blood, Adjustment of water content
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Name two things reabsorbed by the kidneys
Glucose and Water
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What is osmoregulation?
The process of maintaining the right water content in the body.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of a kidney transplant over dialysis?
You get a new healthy kidney put inside of you however the donor kidney can be rejected and the patient has to be treated with drugs that suppress the immune system so that their immune system wont attack the transplanted kidney.
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Describe 2 ways that sperm cells are specialised for their role in reproduction.
They have lots of mitochondria in their middle section to provide the energy from respiration needed to swim the distance and they have an acrosome at the front of the head where they store the enzymes needed to digest their way through the membrane
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Describe the stages of the menstrual cycle
Stage 1 is when the bleeding starts, Stage 2, the lining of the uterus builds up again, stage 3 an egg is releases and stage 4 the lining is then maintained.
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What are the roles of FSH and Oestrogen?
FSH - stimulates a follicle and oestrogen production. Oestrogen - causes lining of uterus to thicken and stimulates and LH surge. LH - stimulates ovulation and the development of a corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. Progesterone - main
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What are the roles of LH and progesterone?
LH - stimulates ovulation and the development of a corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. Progesterone - maintains uterus lining, prevents production of FSH and LH. When progesterone levels fall the lining breaks down
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Give one example of how the menstrual cycle is controlled by negative feedback
It controls the levels of hormones. For example FSH stimulates the ovary to release oestrogen, oestrogen inhibirs further release of FSH from the pituitary gland. After FSH has caused a follicle to mature, negative feedback keeps FSH low.
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Describe one type of infertility treatment
Hormones - the hormones FSH and LH can be injected by these women to stimulate egg release in their ovaries. It helps a lot of women to get pregnant however it doesnt always work and too many eggs could be stimulated causing multiple pregnancy.
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Which chromosomes in the human body causes male and female characteristics?
XY Chromosomes - male characteristics. ** Chromosomes - female characteristics
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A couple have 3 boys already, what is the probability that their fourth child will be a girl?
1/2 or 50%
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What is a sex-linked genetic disorder?
Disorders caused by faulty alleles located on the sex chromosomes for example haemophilia and colour blindness
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Describe Louis Pasteurs experiment with flasks of broth
Heated broths in 2 flasks then left them open. One of the flasks had a curved neck so that bacteria in the air would settle in the loop and not get into the broth. This one stayed fresh but the other one didnt it was the air microbes making it go off
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Describe an experiment you could do using resazurin dye to investigate how temperature affects the growth of bateria
Pour milk into 3 different test tubes with some resazurin dye. Store at different temperatures and record the colour of the dye at set intervals. The colours will show how temperature affects bacterial growth in milk.
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Explain how memory lymphocytes stop you getting ill if you're exposed to a pathogen for a second time
A memory lymphocyte remembers a specific antibody needed to lock onto an anitgen. They will remain in the body for a long time meaning this person is immune. If the same pathogen enters the body again the immune system can fight it off quicker.
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Explain how immunisation stops you getting infections
It involves injecting inactive microorganisms into the body. These are antigenic so your body makes antibodies to attack them. The antigens trigger memory lymphoctyes to be made so if the same pathogen enters the body again it will be killed.
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Describe Edward Jenner's experiment with cowpox
He took bits of scab from a girl with cowpox, put them in a cut on a boys arm, he was a bit unwell but recovered, he was then exposed to smallpox but the boy didnt catch it.
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Describe the pros and cons of immunisation
Epidemics can be prevented and some diseases e.g smallpox have been virtually wiped out. BUT immunisation doesnt always works and some people suffer from bad reactions e.g swelling and fevers
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What are monoclonal antibodies?
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that only bind to a certain molecule. They are B-lymphoctyes that have been fused with a tumour cell to create a cell called a hybridoma which divides really quickly to produce monoclonal antibodies.
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Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancer
An anticancer drug is attached to monoclonal antibodies which are given to a patient through a drip. The antibodies target specific cells because they only bind to the tumour markers. The drug only kills the cancers cells unlike radiotherapy.
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Name one chemical, produced by plants that humans uses a drug to treat disease.
Asprin - used to treat many types of pain and to lower fever. It was developed from a chemical found in the leaves and bark of the willow tree.
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What is a photoperiodic response and gives one example of it in a plant.
A response to a change in the amount of light and dark in a 24 hour cycle. For example some Arctic plants only germinate if the days are very long meaning they only germinate in the middle of summer when temperatures are warm.
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Give one example of a circadian rhythms in a) an animal b) a plant
a) Urine production - bodys master clock controls production of ADH at night ADH levels increase reducing urine production. b) Stomata opening - it opens during the day allowing photosynthesis and close at night to reduce water loss
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Define 'behavior', why do we need it and what influences it?
How an organisim responds to things going on in its environment - helping it to survive. It can be either inherited or learned and most relies on a combination of the 2. Your genes and the environment play a part in influencing it.
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Name 3 reflex actions and what are reflexes for?
Sneezing, salivation and blinking. They often protect us from dangerous stimuli. They are automatic - you don't have to think about them.
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What is the process called when birds lean to ignore scarecrows?
Habituation - if you keep on giving an animal a stimulus that isn't beneficial or harmful to it, it quickly learns not to respond to it.
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What is imprinting?
Imprinting is when an animal learns to recognise its parents and instinctively follows them. So its a combination of a learned behaviour and an innate behaviour
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Give a definition of classical conditioning.
It happens when an animal learns passively to associate a neutral stimulus with an important one. The response is automatic and reinforced by repetition.
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What experiment did Ivan Pavlov do to investigate classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov noticied that dogs salivated everytime they saw food. He then began to ring a bell before dogs were given their food, after a while he found out that dogs salivated every time they heard a bell even if he didnt give them their food.
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Which type of conditioning is happening when someone rewards are dog for sitting down when told?
Operant Conditioning
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Give 3 ways in which conditioning is used to train animals.
Training guide dogs to stop at roadside and wait for command, training police sniffer dogs to retrieve drugs and training police horses to only respond to commands from their riders.
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Give 3 ways why its beneficial for animals who live in a group to communicate with each other.
It can help keep the group together, if any animal sees a predator it can warn the others and baby animals can communicate their needs to their parents.
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Name 3 species which communicate through sounds
Whales dolphins and birds.
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What are pheromones? What uses them and why?
Chemicals that are released by an animal to tell others where it is or where it has been. They can be used a sexual attractants, in some moths the males can detect the females pheronome several kilometres away
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What is the 'waggle-dance'?
Honeys bee's move in a certain way when they return to the hive to tell others where they've found food.
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Name an ethologist who studied innate behaviour in gulls
Tinbergen
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Describe how Lorenz studied imprinting in geese and what he discovered.
Took 2 groups of geese eggs, one were hatched out by their mothers and the others were hatched in an incubator. The first group saw their mother first whereas the others saw Lorenz. Group 1 followed their mothers but group 2 followed Lorenz.
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Describe 2 types of behaviour that Fossey and Goodall observed whilst studying apes
The apes worked together to search for food source so they found more food and they protected each other from attacks so they were safer than they would be on their own.
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What is a choice chamber?
A container that is divided up into two or more chambers which you can set up different environments inside each chamber. You can put some animals inside and see which environment they go to.
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Why are courtship displays species-specific?
So the female knows she is mating with a male of the right species because if she mated with the wrong species the offspring would be infertile.
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Why do females tend to be choosy when it comes to selecting a mate?
It is best if the male is strong and fertile as this ensures that the next generation will have the best possible chance of survival.
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Describe some of the mating patterns found in the animal kingdom.
In most species males take no part in the birth or care of the young so he will mate with others. In some species he'll mate with one female each season but not always the same each year and some mammals have a group of females who he mates with all.
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How common is monogamy?
A few animals that are monogamous (staying with one mate) include the following: a few birds and a few mammals such as gibbons and prairie voles.
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Apart from feeding and protecting what to some animals so as part of caring for their young?
Teaching skills - human babies need to be taught a whole range of skills such as how to get dressed and eating with a knife and fork. Birds called oystercatchers get food by opening mussels which is a difficult task taught by the parents.
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Briefly explain the evolutionary argument for why mammals care for their young.
It is the survival of an animals genes into the next generation that is important, rather than the survival of the animal itself. This may be why animals risk death to protect offspring which all contain their genes.
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Give 2 reasons why plants might release chemicals that attract insects
Attract pollinators and to attract insect predators to feed on the pests that are eating them.
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Describe one way in which plants are insects have co-evolved
Plants and their insect pollinators - some orchids have evolved really deep nectar stores and are pollinated but a type of moths that has evolved a really long mouth part to reach its nectar.
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Name 2 'ape like' features that Ardi the fossil hominid had
Structure of her feet suggested she climbed branches and she also had long arms and short legs more like an ape than a human,
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How old is Lucy the fossil hominid?
3.2 Million Years old
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Explain how stone tools provide evidence for human evolution
Stone tools gradually became more complex so their brains must have been getting larger.
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Give 1 way in which stone tools can be dated
By using carbon-14 dating to date any material found with it that is made from carbon.
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Why is mitochondrial DNA more useful than nuclear DNA for studying human evolution?
There are lots of mitochondria in a cell so there are lots of copies of mitochondrial DNA, it is also less likely to degrade over time.
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Describe one way in which the humans who migrated to Europe changed their behaviour.
Many of the new animal species they found were large animals. This meant they had to devise new methods of hunting so that they could hunt in groups. It also meant making new tools like knives and saws.
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Give 3 ways in which humans changed their behaviour to survive the last ice age.
They began to build more shelters, humans used fire for heats and they wore more clothing made from skins are fur.
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What is a fermenter?
A big container full of liquid 'culture medium' which microorganisms can grow and reproduce in.
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Explain how a fermenter can be used to create the ideal conditions for growing microorganisms
Food is provided in the liquid 'culture medium' such as carbohysdrates, nitrates and vitamins and minerals, air is piped in to supply oxygen and it is kept at the right temperature and pH.
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Why are aseptic conditions necessary in a fermenter?
To prevent contamination from other microorganisms
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Name 2 conditions that will affect the speed at which yeast grows
pH and temperature
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What is mycoprotein used for?
Used to make meat substitutes for vegetarian meals.
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Describe the process of making yoguhurt
Milk is pasteurised then cooled, a starter culture of lactobacillus bacteris is added and incubated in a fermenter, the bacteria ferment the lactose sugar in the milk to form lactic acid which causes the milk to solidify, flavours are then added
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Why does the pH decrease when you're making yoghurt
The lactic acid that is produced decreases the pH
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What are 5 advantages of using microorganisms for food production?
1) grow very quickly 2) easy to look after 3) food can be produced in any climate 4)microorganisms can use waste products for their life processes 5) cheaper than other methods
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Explain why biological washing powders contain enzymes
Enzymes break down stubborn stains like e.g amylases can remove jam and chocolate and lipases can remove butter and oil.
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Why do biological washing powders need a cool wash temperature and a neutral pH?
The enzyme will be damaged if the water is hotter than 30 degrees and the enzymes work best at pH .
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How is chymosin traditionally obtained?
From the lining of a calfs stomach which contains the enzyme
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Where does the chymosin used to make vegetarian cheese come from?
The genes responsible for chymosin were isolated from calf stomach cells and put into yeast cells. These were then grown on an industrial scale to produce chymosin.
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Name an enzyme that breaks down sucrose. What is this enzymes used for in the food industry?
The enzyme invertase or sucrase is used in the manufacture of sweets. It converts the sucrose into glucose and fructose which taste sweeter which means less sugar but the same sweetness.
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What is lactose intolerance?
Some people lack the enzyme lactase, if they drink milk the lactose isnt broken down and gut bacteria feed on it , causing abdominal pain, wind and diarrhoea.
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Describe how you can use pectinase to extract apple juice
The enzyme pectinase is used in fruit juice extraction. It breaks down pectin causing the cell to release its juice.
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Explain how GM organisms can be engineered to produces human insulin
Restriction enzyme cut the gene out of human chromosome and cut open the plasmid leaving same sticky end. The plasmid and human gene are mixed together and ligase is added sticking the two ends together to produce recombinant DNA
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Name the bacterium that can be used as a vector to make GM plants
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens
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How is Bacillus thuringiensis uses to make pest-resistant plants?
It produces a toxin that kills many of the insect larvae that are harmful to crops. This gene is inserted into crops like corn and cotton which then produce the toxin in their stems and leaves making them resistant to the insect pests.
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Give 3 ways biotechnology can increase food production to help people in the developing world
Crops can be made resistant to pests and they can be genetically engineered to grow better in drought condition - increases crop yield. Also some can be engineered to combat certain deficiency diseases eg Golden Rice.
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What are purple tomatoes?
Genetically engineered tomatoes so that they contain the falvonoid gene from the snapdragon which have antioxidant effects which are thought to protect against cancers and heart disease.
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What is meant by the term food security?
Having enough food to eat, with the right balance of nutrition.
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Why do we need to increase food production?
As the worlds population continues to grow we need to grow more food so that each person still has the same amount of food to eat.
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Name 3 ways you can increase good production.
Reducing pest numbers, selective breeding programmes and genetically modifying plants.
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What are biofuels?
Biofuels are made from plants, animals or their waste products they are an alternative to fossil fuels.
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Name 3 biofuels
Biogas, biodiesel and Ethanol
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List 4 advantages of using biofuels over using fossil fuel
1) Theyre sustainable 2) Remove CO2 when biofuel photosynthesis 3) Clean fuels - dont produce particulates 4) doesnt produce significant amounts of sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain.
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List 2 adisadvantages of biofuels
1) Growing the crops takes up a lot of space that could be used for growing crops for food 2) Power stations and vehicles need to be adapted.
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Card 2

Front

Name two things reabsorbed by the kidneys

Back

Glucose and Water

Card 3

Front

What is osmoregulation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a kidney transplant over dialysis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe 2 ways that sperm cells are specialised for their role in reproduction.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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