Intercostal muscles contract, ribs move up and out, diaphragm moves down, volume of chest increases, air moves into lungs.
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How does expiration (exhalation) work?
Intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in, diaphragm moves up, volume of chest decreases, air moves out of the lungs.
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What is this process called?
Ventilation
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What does ventilation mean?
bringing the respiratory surface into contact with air.
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How much nitrogen is in inspired and expired air?
Inspired - 78%, Expired - 78%
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How much oxygen is in inspired and expire air?
Inspired - 21%, Expired - 16%
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How much CO2 is in inspired and expired air?
Inspired - 0.04%, Expired - 4%
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How much water is in inspired and expired air?
Inspired - variable, Expired - saturated.
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What happens at the alveolus?
At the alveolus, oxygen diffuses into the blood stream and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood stream and into the alveolus.
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Name three features of the alveolus that help gas exchange?
Large surface area and a thin wall, good blood supply, and a moist lining to dissolve the gases.
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As well as gases, what does the air contain?
Dust particles, bacteria/viruses/fungi/spores
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Where is air prepared to reach the lungs?
In the nasal cavity and the trachea.
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How is air changed before entering the lungs?
Turned from cold, dry and dirty air into warm, moistened, filtered and cleaned air.
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What happens in the epithelial cells of the air ways?
Mucus produced traps dust and microbes. Cilia brush mucus with trapped dirt and microbes out of the air ways.
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What are the four chemicals in smoke?
Tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide and patriculates.
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How does nicotine affect the body?
acts upon the brain and nervous system. Become addcited to it. Make the heart beat faster and narrows the blood vessels. Thsi can cause high blood pressure and heart disease.
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How does tar affect the body?
collects in the lungs when smoke cools, contains over 1000 chemicals, some of which are carcinogenic (cause cancer). Irritates the air passages and makes them narrower. Gives 'smoker's cough'
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How does carbon monoxide affect the body?
poisonous gas. Taken up in blood instead of oxygen. Stops blood carrying as much oxygen as it should. If smoke during pregnancy, there may not be enough oxygen in blood, so baby may have smaller birth weight and is sometiems premature.
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How do particulates affect the body?
Small burnt fragments of tobacco. They can accumulate in the lung tissue.
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What does heat from the cigarette smoke affect?
Has a damaging affects on the cilia lining the airways.
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What happens to the cotton wool in the smokign machine?
Starts white, turns grey.
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What happens to the colour of the indicator?
Turns from green to orange/yellow.
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What happens to the colour of the lime water?
Turns from clear to cloudy/white
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What can be concluded from the smoking machine?
Air from the cigarette is more acidic, contaisn mroe CO2, contains particles, and is hotter.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How does expiration (exhalation) work?
Back
Intercostal muscles relax, ribs move down and in, diaphragm moves up, volume of chest decreases, air moves out of the lungs.
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