Biology Transport

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  • Created by: 13mfoulds
  • Created on: 10-01-18 12:12
What is the definition of diffusion?
The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Which states of matter can diffusion take place in?
Liquids (i.e. solutions) and gases
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What factors can speed up the rate of diffusion?
A bigger concentration gradient or a higher temperature (as it gives the particles more energy)
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What is osmosis?
The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
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What is meant by a 'partially permeable membrane'?
A membrane with very small holes in it which allow tiny molecules through but not larger ones (like starch)
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In what case would active transport be used rather than diffusion?
When substances need to be absorbed against the concentration gradient (i.e. from low to high conc.)
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How do root hair cells speed up the absorbption of minerals from the soil?
They are covered in millions of microscopic hairs which maximise the surface area on which substances can be absorbed
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How are the lungs adapted for the transfer of oxygen to the blood?
They have lots of air sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange can take place, as well as being very close to capillaries to shorten diffusion distance and maintain a good concentration gradient
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How do villi help with the absorbption of digested food?
There are millions of them and the hugely increase surface area, also they have only a thin layer of single cells to minimise diffusion distance
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How are a fish's gills adapted for gas exchange?
They are made up of lots of thin plates which are covered in lamellae to maximise surface area, also a good blood supply ensures a conc. gradient is maintained
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Which form of transport requires energy from respiration in order to take place?
Active transport
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What effect does increasing surface area have on the rate of diffusion?
It speeds up the rate of diffusion as there is a greater area through with molecules can pass
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What are stomata and how to they help with diffusion?
They are small holes on the bottom of leaves, they allow carbon dioxide into the leaf, and oxygen and water vapour to diffuse out of the leaf
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Why does blood flow in the opposite direction to the water in fish gills?
It ensures that a large concentration gradient is maintained so the diffusion takes place continuously
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Name two substance that can pass through cell membranes, and two that can't.
CAN : protein and starch CAN'T : glucose and amino acids
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Why are humans described as having a 'double circulatory system'?
The blood passes through the heart twice in each full circuit
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Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood?
The right side
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Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood?
The left side
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What is the purpose of valves in the heart?
They prevent 'backflow' (i.e. they ensure that blood continues flowing in the correct direction
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Through which vessel does oxygenated blood leave the heart?
The aorta
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Through which vessel does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
The vena cava
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What are pacemakers?
They are a group of cells in the right atrium which produce electrical impulses that cause the muscle to contract, thus setting the rhythm of the heart
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How are capillaries adapted for diffusion?
They have permeable walls to allow substances in and out, they travel very close to cells to exchange substances, and they are only one cell thick to minimise diffusion distance
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How are veins and arteries different in terms of structure?
Arteries have strong, thick muscle wall to withstand the high pressure, whereas vein have thinner walls to allow a bigger lumen (hole in the middle) so blood flows easily despite the low pressure
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How would you calculate the rate of blood flow?
rate = volume of blood / number of minutes
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What is the function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body
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How are red blood cells adapted to their job?
They carry haemoglobin (which binds to the oxygen) and have a biconcave shape (which maximises surface area)
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What is the function of white blood cells?
To defend against infection by destroying microbes and releasing antibodies/antitoxins
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What is the name of the transparent yellow/brown liquid which carries the cells in the blood?
Blood plasma
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List some examples of substances carried by the blood plasma.
Blood cells, platelets, glucose, amino acids, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, proteins and antibodies/antitoxins
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How can stents be used to treat cardiovascular disease?
They are inserted inside arteries to keep them open and ensure a constant flow of blood, which sometimes isn't naturally possible due to build-ups of fat deposits
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What are some advantages and disadvantages of statins as cardiovascular treatment?
PROS : reduces bad cholesterol, minimises risk heart attacks/strokes CONS : long-term daily drug, negative side-effects, not instant results
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Which states of matter can diffusion take place in?

Back

Liquids (i.e. solutions) and gases

Card 3

Front

What factors can speed up the rate of diffusion?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is osmosis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is meant by a 'partially permeable membrane'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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