Define a monomer and a polymer and how they are formed and broken down.
Monomers= small, basic molecular units. Polymers= large, complex molecules made of chains of monomers joined. Monomers join in condensation where a molecule of water released and bond made. Polymers broken in hydrolysis, water added, bond broken.
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Identify the common monosaccharides and the disaccharides they form.
Describe the reducing sugar test and explain what a reducing sugar is.
Reducing sugars are monosaccharides and can be found by adding benedict to a solution and heating. If a brick red precipitate forms a reducing sugar is present. If blue it is a non-reducing sugar.
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Describe the non-reducing sugar test and explain what a non-reducing sugar is.
If the reducing sugar test stayed blue then there is not a reducing sugar present. Add HCl to a new sample, heat, neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate then do the reducing sugar test. If precipitate forms non-reducing sugar has been broken down.
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Explain what a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid is.
Unsaturated fatty acids have a double bond between two carbon atoms, creating a kink in the chain. They are also unsaturated with hydrogen. Saturated fatty acids have a single bond between carbon atoms and are saturated (full) of hydrogen.
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Describe the function of phospholipids and link this to their structure.
Phospholipids form the bilayer, their hydrophilic heads face outwards and their hydrophobic tails are inside preventing water-soluble molecules from passing through the membrane.
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Describe the function of triglycerides and link this to their structure.
Triglycerides = thermal insulation and energy storage molecules. Long hydrocarbon tails contain lots of chemical energy that is released when broken down. They are also insoluble so don't affect water potential, they clump in insoluble droplets.
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Describe briefly the structure of proteins.
Primary-sequence of amino acid bases in polypeptide chain(peptide bonds.) Secondary-hydrogen bonds fold in b-pleated sheets or coil in a-helix. Tertiary-final 3D shape for single polypep. chains (ionic, disulphide, hydrogen). Quaternary-+1 chain
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How do enzymes help reactions?
They reduce activation energy by lowering the temperature.
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Describe how temperature effects enzymes.
Rate increases up to a point as substrate molecules have more KE so more frequent successful collisions so more E-S complexes. Too hot and tertiary structure in active site denatures. Substrate no long fit.
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Describe the function and structure of DNA.
To store genetic information for growth. Has a phosphate group attached to a deoxyribose sugar by an ester bond and a base joined to the sugar by a glycosidic bond.
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Describe the function and structure of RNA.
Used to transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. Phosphate group attached to ribose sugar attached to base (A,U,G,C)
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What is different about the nucleotide base? Compare DNA and RNA.
The nucleotide base contains nitrogen. DNA is long and large vs RNA small. DNA double stranded vs RNA single. DNA thymine base vs RNA uracil base. DNA deoxyribose sugar vs RNA ribose sugar.
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Describe DNA replication (and give the proper name) and how DNA polymerase works.
DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds, unzips exposing bases. Complementary base pairing, condensation reaction joins bases (DNA polymerase). DNA anti-parallel strands as active site polymerase specific to 3' end. New strand 5' to 3'. Template 3' to 5'.
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Describe the structure of ATP and how it is broken down and formed.
ATP is an adenine base, ribose sugar and three phosphate groups. When broken down in hydrolysis by ATP hydrolase forms ADP and Pi. These are joined in condensation by ATP synthase to form ATP.
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Identify the common monosaccharides and the disaccharides they form.
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