Biology - Paper 1 Hard stuff - Flashcards in Fun Fun

Eukaryotic cells - Definition and features -

Cells with a nucleus enclosed in a membrane which are usually found in a multicellular organism / Cell membrane / Cytoplasm / Nucleus / DNA / Animal + Plant + Protists

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Prokaryotic cells - Definition and features -

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and have their genetic information free in the cell / Cell membrane + wall / Cytoplasm / Looped genetic material / Plasmids / Flagellum / Bacteria cells

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Xylem cell - Specialisations -

All cells in the tube are dead / Spirals of rings increase the strength / Have no end walls - act as one whole tube / Lignin strengthens the walls of the dead cells

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Phloem cell - Specialisations -

Have no nuclei / Sieve plates allow easier transport / Have companion cells which help to keep them alive

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Hypertonic solution -

The concentration outside the cell is greater than the concentration inside the cell

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Hypotonic solution -

The concentration inside the cell is greater than the concentration outside the cell

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The Cell Cycle - Stages and what happens -

1) Interface - Chromosomes and organelles replicate / 2) Mitosis - The chromosome pairs line up in the center and are pulled apart by spindle fibres / 3)Cytokinesis - Cytoplasm and cell membrane split

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What enzyme breaks down starch - What are the products -

Starch is broken down by amylase - Carbohydrase - into simple sugars/maltose

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What enzyme breaks down Proteins - What are the products -

Proteins are broken down by pepsin - Proteases - into Amino Acids

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What enzyme breaks down Lipids - What are the products -

Lipids are broken down by lipases into glycerol and fatty acids

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Veins - Structure and function -

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart / Thin walls / Thick Lumen / Valves

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Arteries - Structure and Function -

CArry oxygenated blood away from the heart / Thick muscular walls / High pressure / Thin Lumen

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The Structure of a leaf -

Epidermal tissue protects the surface of the leaf / Palisade mesophyll contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis / Spongy mesophyll has air spaces for diffusion

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Transpiration - Factors and plant reactions -

Temperature increases transpiration / Light intensity increases transpiration / Hot , dry and windy conditions increase transpiration / The plant may wilt to reduce surface area and stomata will close

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Chlorosis -

When a plant has a deficiency of magnesium so cannot make as much chlorophyll and so the leaves turn yellow and the plant doesn't grow as fast

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Examples of Plant Defences -

Cacti have spines to ward of predators / Mimicry of animals scares prey / Poisons deter herbivores / Hairy stems and leaves deter insects

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Correlation -

Similarities which may suggest a relationship but do not prove that one is the cause of the other

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Causal mechanism -

Explains how one factor influences another through a biological process

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Benign Tumours -

Benign tumours are tumours which rapidly grow and are contained inside a membrane meaning that they cannot spread around the body / They grow to large sizes and can be dangerous if they put pressure on organs

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Malignant Tumours -

Tumours which rapidly grow and have the ability to spread around the body and create secondary tumours by splitting and moving through the blood / Cancer

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Smoking -

Nicotine creates the addiction and a feeling of mental wellbeing / Smoking During pregnancy limits the oxygen supply to the baby possibly causing premature or stillbirths / Smoking can damage cilia and increase the risk of infection

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Effects of Drinking excessive alcohol -

Carcinogen / Can cause cirrhosis of the liver - disease that destroys liver tissue / During pregnancy - can cause FAS (Foetal Alcohol Syndrome) which can cause deformities to babies

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Plants - Uses of Glucose -

Some is converted into starch - insoluble form of glucose / Starch can be converted back into glucose at night / Cellulose for strengthening cell walls / Plants can also make amino acids using mineral ions to make proteins

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Aerobic Respiration -

Exothermic / Used in animals in Mitochondria / Oxygen + Glucose --> Carbon Dioxide + Water / Provides energy for the cells / Needed to use muscles / To maintain temperature / For Active Transport

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Body's response to Exercise -

Heart rate increases / Arteries dilate / Breathing rate increases / Glycogen (insoluble glucose) converted back into glucose for respiration in muscles

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Anaerobic Respiration -

Happens without oxygen / Less efficient as glucose is not fully broken down /(In animals) Glucose --> Lactic Acid / Build up of lactic acid creates an oxygen debt /(In plants) Glucose --. Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

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Liver -

Produces Bile - stored in the gallbladder / Breaks down lactic acid into glucose / Detoxifying Alcohol / Turns carbohydrates into sugars / Hepatic artery - Heart to liver / Hepatic portal vein - small intestine to liver

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Biology - Paper 1 Hard stuff

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