C12

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What is a pure substance -
A substance that is made of just one substance / It can either be an element or a compound
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What are the Fixed points of a Substance -
The Fixed points are the melting and boiling points of a substance / These can be used to identify a substance
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The Melting Point and Boiling Points of a Pure substance...
Are Fixed Points which do not change
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The Melting Point and Boiling Points of an Impure substance...
Are not fixed and can vary based on the impurities / It is usually lowered
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Formulation -
A specific mixture of substances with a calculated amount of each component to make it desirable
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Chromatography -
Splits the components of a mixture / Stationary phase - Filter paper / Mobile Phase - Solvent / Pure substances - 1 spot / Impure - many spots
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Rf value -
Retention factor / The values are used for comparison / Rf = Distance moved by substance / Distance moved by solvent / The higher the Rf value, the higher the solubility
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Testing for Hydrogen -
Can be produced in reactions of acids and metals / Combustion / Hydrogen burns in a test tube with a squeaky pop
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Testing for Oxygen -
Produced in electrolysis of copper sulfate / Relight a glowing splint test / A glowing splint is placed in sample and it will relight in the presence of oxygen
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Testing for Carbon Dioxide -
Produced in reaction between metal carbonate and acid / Limewater test / When bubbled through limewater, limewater turns cloudy
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Testing for Chlorine -
Produced in electrolysis of sodium chloride / Blue litmus paper test / Damp litmus paper turns red then white
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Testing for Cations -
Metal ions produce distinct colour flames / Sterilize a nichrome wire and place over the flame
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Testing for Metals - Flame colours
Lithium - Crimson / Sodium - Yellow / Potassium -Lilac / Calcium - Orange-red / Copper - Green
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Testing for metals - Sodium Hydroxide test
Metals react with sodium hydroxide / Coloured precipitates form to identify metals
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Sodium Hydroxide test - Colours
Copper - blue / Iron (II) - Green / Iron (III) - brown
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Test for Carbonates -
Add hydrochloric acid to the sample / In a positive test - Carbon dioxide is formed
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Halide test -
Add nitric acid to remove impurities / Add silver nitrate / White precipitate = chloride ion / Cream precipitate = Bromide ion / Yellow precipitate = iodide ion
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Sulfate test -
Add hydrochloric acid to kill impurities / Add barium chloride / white precipitate is a positive result
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Instrumental Analysis -
Highly accurate and sensitive / Fast / Only need small samples / Expensive / Require training to use / Data can be hard to interpret
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Flame Emission Spectroscopy -
Instrumental Analysis Machines use FES to analyse metal ions / Heat causes electrons to jump up a shell and fall down emitting a colour / Specific wavelengths of light are measured to identify the ions
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The Fixed points are the melting and boiling points of a substance / These can be used to identify a substance

Back

What are the Fixed points of a Substance -

Card 3

Front

Are Fixed Points which do not change

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Are not fixed and can vary based on the impurities / It is usually lowered

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A specific mixture of substances with a calculated amount of each component to make it desirable

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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