what 5 features do BOTH animal and plant cells have
cell membrane (controls what enters and leaves the cell), nucleus (contains genetic material control activities of cell), cytoplasm (jelly substance that fills the cell and where reactions take place), mitochondria (where respiration takes place and ener
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cell wall has 3 extra features...
cell wall (made of cellulose, strong and for structure to keep everything inside cell), permanent vacuole (filled with cell sap to keep cell turgid), chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place, contains chlorophyll - green pigment.)
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give an example of a prokaryotic cell
bacterial cell - as it has a cell wall but not a nucleus
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describe the structure of a bacterial cell
loop of chromosomal DNA free in cytoplasm, ribosomes to make protein via protein synthesis, plasmid DNA - additional genes, cell wall (not cellulose), cell membrane, flagellum for movement.
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3 specialised ANIMAL cells
ciliated cells - cilia ( push substances past surface - line in trachea/windpipe, sweep mucus from lungs) sperm cells - male parents genetic info to female parent's egg for fertilisation (have a tail for movement, enzymes in acrosome (tip/head) to digest
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specialised PLANT cells
part 1
root hair cells - suraface of plant roots, absorb water and mineral ions, contains large vacuole increase water absorption via osmosis, contains abundance of mitochondria for energy release needed for active transport of mineral ions.
Xylem - transport t
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specialised PLANT cells
part 2
xylems have no end walls so water and mineral ions can flow easily and pits let water and ions move out.
Phloem - transport tissue carries dissolved sugars through a plant - cell walls between cells that form sieve plates, solution move cell to cell. They
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Aseptic techniques
sterilising apparatus and media, such as petri dishes. Techniques are used by using a wire loop to transfer sample of bacterial culture, loop sterilised with flame from bunsen and cooled beforehand. then layer of sterile agar gel is innoculated with bacte
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binary fission definition
a single cell division- how bacteria reproduce. divide as often as 20 mins, this is why you need to sterilise equipment in practicals.
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the cell cycle phases
1. interphase, cell grows, + inc number of ribosomes and mitochondria.
2. mitosis, chromosomes lined up in centre and then pulled to opposite ends of the cell, nucleus divides,
3. cell division, cell membrane and cytoplasm divide 2 identical daughter cell
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what does diplod mean
a parent cell is a diploid cell, it means double (two sets of) chromosomes, the daughter cells created are identical to the parent cell so also have 2 sets of chromosomes each.
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mitosis produces new body cells for...?
growth, repair damaged parts of body and for new individuals via asexual reproduction.
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stem cells in animals
zygote is when a egg cell and sperm cell join together, divides to an embryo. embryos have embryonic stem cells, which differentiate to form different specialised cell types.
adult animals have adult stem cells form blood cells.
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stem cells in plants
meristems - contain stem cells
meristem tissue found at the tips of roots/shoots.
roots - form root hair cells, xylem, phloem etc.
shoots - to form mesophyll cells, xylem and phloem etc.
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diffusion
net movement down a concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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osmosis
the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane. (high concentration to low concentration)
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