biology paper 1

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where are eukaryotic cells found?
plants , fungi and protists
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what's the size of a eukaryotic cell?
10-100 micrometres
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what does an animal cell contain?
ribosomes , partially permeable membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria
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what is the permanent vacuole in a plant cell?
it is a fluid filled sac that is enclosed in a membrane and makes up 90% of a plants membrane
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where do most of a plants cells chemical reactions take place?
the cytoplasm
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what sub-cellular structures do plant cells have that animal cells dont?
chloroplasts, cell wall and permanent vacuole
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what kind of cell is bacteria?
prokaryote
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what is cell differentiation?
a process where a cell gains new sub-cellular structures in order to perform a specific function
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where is cell differentiation rare and what do they mostly do?
rare in mature/adult animals and mostly divide to replace and repair tissues
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what are the adaptations of muscle cells?
they have lots of mitochondria and have protein fibres that contract so the muscle can move
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what are dendrites and where are they located?
located in nerve cells. They transfer electrical messages to neurons
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what is myelin sheath and where is it located?
located in nerve cells and it's made of myelin and stops the electrical nerve signals leaking out of the nerve cell
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what cell is found in plants that does not contain chloroplasts?
root hair cells
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what is lignin and where is it located?
found in xylem cells and it strengthens the xylem cell
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what are the two most important variables of using a microscope?
magnification and resolution
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what microscope was first used in 1933?
electron microscope
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stages of the cell cycle
initial growth , mitosis then cell division
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are stem cells differentiated or undifferentiated?
undifferentiated
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what is the process that produces embryos with the same genes as the patient?
therapeutic cloning
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what are three factors that affect diffusion?
temperature, membrane surface area and concentration gradient
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what happens with diffusion when the concentration gradient is greater?
the rate of reaction is faster
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what is most likely to rely on diffusion alone?
single-celled organisms and bacteria
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what is removed during diffusion?
urea is removed from cells
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what are the adaptations of exchange surface?
large surface area, thin membrane , blood supply and ventilation
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what are gills specialised to exchange?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
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what are the small intestines adapted for?
for exhchanging nutrients between digested food in the small intestine and blood
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what are the key features of osmosis?
net movement of water, water movement and partially permeable membrane
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what is active transport against and what does this lead to?
it is against the concentration gradient leading to energy being required
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what are the forms of passive transport?
osmosis and diffusion
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what do the roots of plants absorb and by what?
minerals by active transport
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what are the fundamental units of living organisms?
cells
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what is the tissue capable of photosynthesis?
mesophyll
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what is the tissue that can contract to bring out force and motion?
muscular
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what is the tissue that is the plants waxy outer layer?
epithelial
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what are the tissues in the stomach and what are their function?
muscular - moves around the content of the stomach epithelial - lines the stomach glandular - produces digestive juices that breaks down the content
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what is it called when organs work together to perform a particular role?
organ systems
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levels of organisation in multi-cellular organisms
cell- tissue - organ - organ systems - organisms
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what does the large intestine do in the digestive system?
absorbs water molecules from the remaining undigested food, producing faeces
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what do glands produce to help with digestion?
enzymes
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what are the active sites for amylase?
mouth and small intestine
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what are digestive enzymes used to construct?
new lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
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what does protease break down into?
amino acids
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what does lipase breakdown and into what?
breakdowns lipids into a molecule called glycerol and fatty acids
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what does amylase breakdown and into what?
breakdowns starch into amino acids
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what kind of substance is bile and where is it stored?
it is an alkaline substance and it is stored in the gall bladder
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what does bile break down and into what?
breaks down fats (Like oils) into tiny droplets
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whats the process called when bile breaks down fats?
emulsification
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what will happen when you add protein to buret solution?
turns purple
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what happens when you add iodine to starch?
will turn blue-black
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what is the test for sugar?
add benedicts solution and heat for 2 mins, will turn green, yellow or red if sugar is present
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what is the test for lipids?
add sudan III if present a red stained oil layer will float on water surface
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what are capillary walls like?
have thin walls
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what do capillaries branch out from?
arteries
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artery walls are thick layers of what?
muscle
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the heart is what kind of organ?
muscle
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what are the three main components of the human circulatory system?
blood, heart, blood vessels
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what is blood plasma?
a tissue
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what components are suspended in blood plasma?
white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
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what type of shape do red blood cells have?
biconcave shape
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why can white blood cells change shape?
to squeeze through the walls of blood vessels into bod tissues and to engulf harmful micro-organisms
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how are red blood cells adapted?
have a biconcave shape, no nucleus, small size, haemoglobin
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why is HIV dangerous?
can suppress the immune system and make people more susceptible to catching other infections and diseases
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why do the government and health organisations track cases of disease?
to inform policy decisions
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what are the two main categories of disease?
communicable and non-communicable
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what can viruses occupying cells stimulate?
cancers
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what are the two types of heart valve disease
leak valves and valves that dont fully open
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what can blood clots lead to ?
strokes
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what are main features of a artificial heart?
risk of blood clots, risk of strokes and unlikely to be rejected
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what are the valves that can be used to replace faulty valves?
animal and artificial
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what are the potential disadvantages to using transplanted organs to treat heart disease?
need immunosuppressant drugs and may be rejected
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what are the treatments for heart disease and the advantages?
mechanical device - used even if a donor isn't available transplants - do not wear out and function like the replaced organs drugs - cheap and don't require surgery
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what are immunosuppressant drugs?
stops the patients immune system from rejecting a new donor organ
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what's the size of a eukaryotic cell?

Back

10-100 micrometres

Card 3

Front

what does an animal cell contain?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is the permanent vacuole in a plant cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

where do most of a plants cells chemical reactions take place?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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