Biology Module 5 Keywords

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  • Created by: Faz.be
  • Created on: 03-12-18 11:51
cell signalling
the way in which cells communicate with each other
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effector
a cell, tissue or organ that brings about a response
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homeostasis
maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes in external and internal factors
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negative feedback
the mechanism that reverses a change, bringing the system back to the optimum
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positive feedback
the mechanism that increases a change, taking the system further away from the optimum
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sensory receptors
cells/sensory nerve endings that respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism and can create action potentials.
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ectotherm
an organism that relies on external sources of heat to maintain body temperature
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endotherm
an organism that uses heat from metabolic reactions to maintain body temperature
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hypothalamus
the part of the brain that coordinates homeostatic responses
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excretion
the removal of metabolic waste from the body
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metabolic waste
a substance that is produced in excess by the metabolic processes in the cells; it may become toxic
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ornithine cycle
a series of biochemical reactions that convert ammonia to urea
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nephron
the functional unit of the kidney
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ultrafiltration
filtration of the blood at a molecular level under pressure
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a hormone that controls the permeability of the collecting duct walls
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osmoreceptor
a sensory receptor that detects changes in water potential
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glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
the rate at which fluid enters the nephrons
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monoctonal antibodies
antibodies made from one type of cell - they are specific to one complementary molecule
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renal dialysis
a mechanism used to artificially regulate the concentrations of solutes in the blood
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pacinian corpuscle
a pressure sensor found in the skin
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sensory receptors
cells/sensory nerve endings that respond to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism and can create action potentials
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transducer
a cell that converts one form of energy into another -in this case to an electrical impulse
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motor neurones
neurones that carry an action potential from the CNS to the effector
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myelinated neurone
has an individual layer of myelin around it
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non-myelinated neurone
has no individual layer of myelin
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relay neurones
join sensory neurones to motor neurones
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sensory neurones
neurones that carry an action potential from the sensory receptor to the CNS
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action potential
a brief reversal of the potential across the membrane of a neurone causing a peak of +40 mV compared to the resting potential of -60 mV
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resting potential
the potential difference across the membrane while the neurone is at rest
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cholinergic synapse
a synapse that uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter
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neurotransmitter
a chemical used as a signalling molecule between two neurones in a synapse
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endocrine system
a communication system using hormones as signalling molecules hormones: molecules (proteins or steroids) that are released by endocrine glands directly into the blood. They act as messengers, carrying a signal from the endocrine gland to a specific t
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target cells
for non-steroid hormones, cells that possess a specific receptor on their plasma (cell surface) membrane. The shape of the receptor is complementary to the shape of the hormone molecule. Many similar cells together form a target tissue
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adrenal cortex
the outer layer of the adrenal gland. adrenal gland: one of a pair of glands lying above the kidneys, which release adrenaline and a number of other hormones known as corticoids or corticosteroids) such as aldosterone
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adrenaline
a hormone released from the adrenal glands, which stimulates the body to prepare for fight or flight
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adrenal medulla
the inner layer of the adrenal gland
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beta cells
cells found in the islets of Langerhans that secrete the hormone insulin
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glucagon
a hormone that causes an increase in blood glucose concentration
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insulin
the hormone, released from the pancreas, that causes blood glucose levels to go down
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diabetes mellitus
a condition in which blood glucose concentrations cannot be controlled effectively
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stem cells
unspecialised cells that have the potential to develop into any type of cell
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abiotic components
components of an ecosystem that are non- living
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alkaloids
organic nitrogen- containing bases that have important physiological effects on animals; includes nicotine, quinine, strychnine and morphine
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biotic components
components of an ecosystem that are living
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pheromone
any chemical substance released by one living thing, which influences the behaviour or physiology of another living thing
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tannins
phenolic compounds, located in cell vacuoles or in surface wax on plants
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tropism
a directional growth response in which the direction of the response is determined by the direction of the external stimulu
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apical dominance
inhibition of lateral buds further down the shoot by chemicals produced by the apical bud at the tip of a plant shoot
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auxins
plant hormones which are responsible for regulating plant growth
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gibberellins
plant hormones which are responsible for control of stem elongation and seed germination
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geotropism
a directional growth response to gravity
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phototropism
a directional growth response to light
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autonomic nervous system
part of the nervous system responsible for controlling the involuntary motor activities of the body
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central nervous system (CNS)
the central part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the sensory and motor nerves connecting the sensory receptors and effectors to the CNS
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somatic nervous system
the motor neurones under conscious control
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cerebellum
region of the brain coordinating balance and fine control of movement
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cerebrum
region of the brain dealing with the higher functions such as conscious thought; it is divided into two cerebral hemispheres
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hypothalamus
the part of the brain that coordinates homeostatic responses
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medulla oblongata
region of the brain that controls physiological processes
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pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain, below but attached to the hypothalamus; the anterior lobe secretes many hormones; the posterior lobe stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus
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knee jerk reflex
a reflex action that straightens the leg when the tendon below the knee cap is tapped
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reflex action
a response that does not involve any processing by the brain
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adenyl cyclase
an intracellular enzyme, which is activated by certain hormones
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cyclic AMP (cAMP)
a secondary messenger released inside cells to activate a response
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cardiac muscle
muscle found in the heart walls
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involuntary muscle
smooth muscle that contracts without conscious control
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neuromuscular junction
the structure at which a nerve meets the muscle; it is similar in action to a synapse
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skeletal (striated) muscle
muscle under voluntary control
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creatine phosphate
a compound in muscle that acts as a store of phosphates and can supply phosphates to make ATP rapidly
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granum (plural: grana)
inner part of chloroplasts made of stacks of thylakoid membranes, where the light dependent stage of photosynthesis takes place
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photosynthetic pigment
pigment that absorbs specific wavelengths of light and traps the energy associated with the light; such pigments include chlorophylls a and b, carotene and xanthophyll
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photosystem
system of photosynthetic pigments found in thylakoids of chloroplasts; each photosystem contains about 300 molecules of chlorophyll that trap photons and pass their energy to a primary pigment reaction centre, a molecule of chlorophyll a, during the
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stroma
fluid-filled matrix of chloroplasts, where the light-independent stage of photosynthesis takes place
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thylakoid
flattened membrane-bound sac found inside chloroplasts; contains photosynthetic pigments/ photosystems and is the site of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
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Calvin cycle
metabolic pathway of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis, occurring (in eukaryotic cells) in the stroma of chloroplasts where carbon dioxide is fixed, with the products of the light dependent stage, to make organic compounds. The Calvin cyc
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glycerate-3-phosphate (GP)
an intermediate compound in the Calvin cycle
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ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
a five-carbon compound present in chloroplasts; a carbon dioxide acceptor
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triose phosphate (TP)
a three-carbon compound, and the product of the Calvin cycle; can be used to make other larger organic molecules
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light intensity
level of light
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water stress
the condition a plant will experience when water supply becomes limiting
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a cell, tissue or organ that brings about a response

Back

effector

Card 3

Front

maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes in external and internal factors

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

the mechanism that reverses a change, bringing the system back to the optimum

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

the mechanism that increases a change, taking the system further away from the optimum

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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