Biology, cells, plants and the human body
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- Biology
- Cells, tissues and organsEnzymes and digestionPhotosynthesis and transpirationVariation and reproductionVariety of life and classificationExchange of materials
- GCSE
- Edexcel
- Created by: SushDaBush
- Created on: 27-03-23 23:04
what is carbohydrates made of? And what it is composed of chemically.
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
As starch
As starch
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What are Lipids Made of? And what it is composed of chemically.
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids and glycerol
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What are proteins made of? And what it is composed of chemically.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and nitrogen.
Large chains of amino acids.
Large chains of amino acids.
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What is carbohydrates?
This is like starch (for plants) or glucose (for animals) that is in reserve as energy
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Where does carbohydrates come from?
Potatoes, noodles, rice, pasta
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What is fats?
Fat is used to make cell membranes, insulation, protection of organs and as an energy store
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Where does fat come from?
Fat comes from butter, cheese, milk, eggs and oily fish
In plant oils, they come from: olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and margarine.
In plant oils, they come from: olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and margarine.
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What is proteins?
Proteins are needed for growth and repair of tissues.
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Where does protein come from?
From meat, fish, cheese and eggs
Also beans, peas and nuts.
Also beans, peas and nuts.
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Name all the different chemical food tests
Iodine solution test
Benedict's solution test
Biuret's solution test
Ethanol then water test
Benedict's solution test
Biuret's solution test
Ethanol then water test
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What method is used to test for starch?
Initial color - if starch present
Initial color - if starch present
Iodine solution method
Yellow/brown to blue/black
Yellow/brown to blue/black
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What method is used to test for glucose?
Initial color - if glucose present
Initial color - if glucose present
Benedict's solution test
Blue to Green-->Orange-->Brick red
Blue to Green-->Orange-->Brick red
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What method is used to test for protein.
Initial color - if protein present
Initial color - if protein present
Biuret's solution test
Blue to purple/lilac
Blue to purple/lilac
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What method is used to test for lipids.
Initial color - if lipid present
Initial color - if lipid present
Ethanol and then water
transparent - Cloudy emulsion
transparent - Cloudy emulsion
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What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
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How do enzymes work?
There is the enzyme, and it has a shape at the end which is called the active site which will contain the substrate which will then cause the reaction to start.
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What is the optimum temp.
Optimum temperature is the temperature that the enzyme works best in or the temperature that the enzyme can reach before slowing down its reaction.
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Why does the enzyme work better with the higher temperature
This is because the heat makes the molecules in the enzyme move faster and therefore work faster.
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What happens to the active site when the temperature is too high.
The enzyme's active transport will be denatured and loses its shape and therefore not able to fit the substrate in the active site for the reaction to take place.
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What is optimum pH
Optimum pH is the pH level where the enzyme works the best in.
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Wha does Amylase break down and into what?
it breaks down the starch into maltose
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What does the enzyme Maltase break down and into what?
Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose
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What does catalase break down and into what?
Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
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What does lipase break down and into what?
lipase breaks down fats into fattu acids and glycerol.
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What does protease break down and into what?
Protease breaks down proteins into the amino acids.
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what does the enzyme Glucose 1 phosphate break down and into what?
it breks down glucose inot starch
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All living organisms are classified into 5 groups, what are they?
Animal, Plant, Bacteria, Protoctists, Fungi
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Are plants multicellular or single cellular
Do they carry out photosynthesis
How?
what is their cell walls made out of
What do they store the sugar as?
Do they carry out photosynthesis
How?
what is their cell walls made out of
What do they store the sugar as?
Multi-Cellular
Yes they do
Because they have chlorophyll that traps sunlight.
Cellulose
They store sugar as starch or sucrose.
Yes they do
Because they have chlorophyll that traps sunlight.
Cellulose
They store sugar as starch or sucrose.
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Are animals multicellular or single-cellular?
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
Multi-cellular
No, they don't, because they do not have chloroplasts.
They don't have cell walls as animal cells don't have things that a plant cell does.
they store sugar as glucose.
No, they don't, because they do not have chloroplasts.
They don't have cell walls as animal cells don't have things that a plant cell does.
they store sugar as glucose.
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Are bacteria multicellular or single-cellular?
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
Bacteria is single-cellular.
some can do photosynthesis.
their cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.
they store sugar as glycogen
some can do photosynthesis.
their cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.
they store sugar as glycogen
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Are Fungi multicellular or single-cellular?
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
fungi are single-cellular or multicellular.
no, they do not have chloroplasts, most of their energy comes from enzymes that eat the bio waste.
they have cell walls made of chitin.
they store sugar as glycogen as well.
no, they do not have chloroplasts, most of their energy comes from enzymes that eat the bio waste.
they have cell walls made of chitin.
they store sugar as glycogen as well.
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Are Protoctists multicellular or single-cellular?
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
do they carry out photosynthesis?
if yes, how?
what are their cell walls made of, if they have one?
what do they store their sugar as
they are unicellular but some can be multicellular.
some of them do have chloroplasts and therefore they can carry out photosynthesis.
their cell walls are made of cellulose
they store sugar as starch as well.
some of them do have chloroplasts and therefore they can carry out photosynthesis.
their cell walls are made of cellulose
they store sugar as starch as well.
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How does the bacteria move?
They move with the help of the flagella.
they are rod shaped or spherical shaped.
they are rod shaped or spherical shaped.
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what are some differences between Bacteria and plants?
plants have chloroplasts but bacteria doesn't
plants have a nucleus but bacteria doesn't
plants have cell walls made of cellulose, but bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
plants have a nucleus but bacteria doesn't
plants have cell walls made of cellulose, but bacteria have cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
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tell the order of the levels of organisation
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
systems
cells
tissues
organs
systems
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what are cells
cells are the building blocks of life, they are made of organelles.
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What are tissues
tissues are the muscles and other stuff like that that is made of multiple cells
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What are organs
organs are a group of tissues that do certain work.
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what are systems
systems are the grouping of multiple organs that specialise in one task responsible for the characteristics of living organisms
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what are the different types of systems
digestive
respiratory
circulatory
excretory
nervous
endocrine
reproductive
respiratory
circulatory
excretory
nervous
endocrine
reproductive
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what are all the parts of animal cell
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosome
mitochondria
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosome
mitochondria
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what are all the parts of a plant cell
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts
ribosomes
mitochondria
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts
ribosomes
mitochondria
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what does the cell membrane do
cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell
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what does the cell wall do
the cell wall provides support for the cell structure
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what does the nucleus do
the nucleus controls all the activities of the cell
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what does the cytoplasm do
the cytoplasm is the site of the chemical reactions.
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what does the chloroplasts do?
the chloroplasts contains the chlorophyll that helps with trapping the sunlight for the process of photosynthesis.
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what does the vacuole do
the vacuole stores the cell sap
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what does the mitochondria do
the mitochondria is what contains the energy for the cell to do the activities.
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what does the ribosomes.
the ribosomes is responsible for making the proteins.
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what are specialised cells
specialised cells are the cells that are specific to one task or function, these include the red blood cell, nerve cell, root hair cell, sperm cell
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what does the red blood cell do?
the red blood cell is responsible for getting the haemoglobin and transporting the oxygen around the body
they have no nucleus, they are biconcave shaped, they are small and flexible
they contain haemoglobin.
they have no nucleus, they are biconcave shaped, they are small and flexible
they contain haemoglobin.
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what does the sperm cell do?
the sperm cell is responsible to swim to th egg cell to fertilise with it.
they have a tail to swim, they have lots of mitochondria for them to have the energy to swim to the egg cell.
they have a tail to swim, they have lots of mitochondria for them to have the energy to swim to the egg cell.
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what does the root hair cell do
the root hair cell is responsible for the required water to the plant
they have an elongated side to increase the surface are to get the most water, they have no chloroplasts.
they have an elongated side to increase the surface are to get the most water, they have no chloroplasts.
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what does the nerve cell do
the nerve cell is responsible for the signals to be carried to the rest of the body to receive instructions.
they are long, they have a fatty sheath that helps them to send the signals quicker.
they are long, they have a fatty sheath that helps them to send the signals quicker.
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what are stem cells
stem cells are cells that an organism is made from, because they have the ability to make specialised cells and other cells, they also ave the ability to make copies of themselves so the process can be quicker.
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what is diffusion
diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration are to a low concentration area.
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what is osmosis
osmosis is the movement of water particles form a high concentration area to a low concentration area.
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what is active transport
active transport is the movement of molecules form a low concentration are to a high concentration area.
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what happens if a plant cell is placed in pure water
the water enters the cell through osmosis and this becomes turgid (packed or hard)
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what happens is the plant cell is placed in a concentrated solution
the water leaves the cell through osmosis and becomes flaccid (loss of water)
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what happens if too much water leaves the cell
the cell becomes plasmolysed
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what is photosynthesis and its formula
photoosynthesis is the process of using carbon dioxide and water with the help of sunlight to release oxygen and glucose to make food
some of the oxygen is then used for respiration
carbon dioxide + water --> oxygen + glucose
some of the oxygen is then used for respiration
carbon dioxide + water --> oxygen + glucose
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what are the parts of the leaf
waxy cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll layer, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll layer, lower epidermis layer, stomata and the guard cells
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what does the waxy cuticle do
the waxy cuticle stops the water loss because it is a water proof layer
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what does the upper epidermis do
the upper epidermis layer has no nucleus so that the light passes through the cells for the palisade mesophyll layer to capture the light.
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what does the palisade mesophyll layer do
the palisade mesophyll layer is packed together, and located near the top because it has a lot of chloroplasts that allow it have more chlorophyll which captures more sunlight to do as much photosynthesis as possible.
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what does the vascular bundle contain
the vascular system contains xylem and phloem
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what does xylem do
the xylem transports the water and dissolved minerals around the plant
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what does phloem do
the phloem transports the amino acids and the glucose or starch around the plant
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what does the spongy mesophyll layer do
the spongy mesophyll layer has air spaces that allow it to be the site for the gas exchange.
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what does the lower epidermis layer do
the lower
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what does the stomata do
the stomata is the hole that allows for the carbon dioxide or oxygen to enter or leave the cell
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what does the guard cell do
the guard cells are a pair that surround the stomata, and these become turgid when they want to let anything in or out of the cell, and they become flaccid when they want to let nothing in or out of the cell.
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what are the limiting factors of the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity, concentration of co2, and the temperature.
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what is the mineral nitrate used for in the plants
they are used for the production of amino acids, proteins others such as DNA
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what is the mineral magnesium used for in the plants
they are used to make the chlorophyll
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what is dietary fibre used for in the human body
it is used to prevent constipation, because we can't digest it, it will go through the alimentary canal and into the large intestine and into the rectum where it will give the muscles around something to push against the food which makes it easier for it
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what is a balanced diet
a balanced diet is when the person eats how much ever is needed when compared to energy and the weight of the body.
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what is digetion
digestion is the chemical and mechanical breakdown of the food.
converts large insoluble foods into soluble small molecules which can be absorbed into the blood.
converts large insoluble foods into soluble small molecules which can be absorbed into the blood.
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what is chemical digestion
chemical digestion is the process of the breaking down of food into their smallest molecules, this is through the use of enzymes, one example is the breaking down of starch, amylase is used to breakdown starch into maltose
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what is mechanical digestion
mechanical digestion is when the food is churned up into smaller chunks, which provides more surface area for the enzymes to work efficiently
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what is the chemical digestion that happens in the stomach
in the stomach, the chemical digestion that occurs is the breaking down of proteins, because the stomach contains the protease called pepsin, this breaks down the proteins into amino acids.
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what is the mechanical digestion that occurs in the stomach
this occurs when the muscular walls in the stomach churn the food into smaller chunks for the pepsin to work
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what is peristalsis
peristalsis is when the muscles contract at one point and relaxes at one point behind and in front of the food that moves through the gut.
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what happens in the small intestine
in the duodenum, bile is added to the small intestine, made from the liver and stored in the gall bladder, this acts as an emulsifier.
pancreatic juice is also added into the duodenum which includes the amylase, trypsin and lipase.
pancreatic juice is also added into the duodenum which includes the amylase, trypsin and lipase.
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what is emulsification
emulsification is when large lipids are broken down into smaller droplets
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what happens in the small intestine other than the enzymes released
in the small intestine, the food will be broken down into small enough molecules for it to be absorbed into the blood.
this is done faster by the small villi found in the small intestine that increases the surface area of the villi.
this is done faster by the small villi found in the small intestine that increases the surface area of the villi.
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what are the 3 features of villi
it has a good supply of blood to absorb the glucose
it has a thin surface layer to allow faster diffusion
large surface area for faster digestion
it has a thin surface layer to allow faster diffusion
large surface area for faster digestion
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what happens in the large intestine
the fist part absorbs the water, this is where it is called the colon
the only things that are left indigested in this area is the fibres and the cellulose, which is called the faeces
this is stored in the rectum and expelled through the anus by a proce
the only things that are left indigested in this area is the fibres and the cellulose, which is called the faeces
this is stored in the rectum and expelled through the anus by a proce
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are Lipids Made of? And what it is composed of chemically.
Back
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids and glycerol
Card 3
Front
What are proteins made of? And what it is composed of chemically.
Back
Card 4
Front
What is carbohydrates?
Back
Card 5
Front
Where does carbohydrates come from?
Back
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