Biology- Biotechnology and genetic engineering

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  • Created by: Kitsune
  • Created on: 13-03-17 15:03
Why are bacteria useful to humans?
Because of their reproduction rates and their ability to produce complex molecules
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What does the cytoplasm of bacteria have?
Enzymes and food molecules
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How can the bacteria move?
They have flagella
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Do bacteria have a nucleus?
Nah
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What are small rings of DNA in bacteria called?
Plasmids
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What coat do some bacteria have?
A slime coat
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How is the cell wall of a bacteria different from a plant cell wall?
It doesn't contain cellulose
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What are the food stores in bacteria?
Glycogen grains
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What are bacteria that feed off live organisms called?
Paracites
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What are bacteria that feed off dead organisms called?
Saprotrophs
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By what process do bacteria multiply?
Binary fission
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Why do scientists like to use bacteria?
They can control their reproduction rates, they produce needed enzymes and hormones, plasmids are useful in transporting genes, easy to experiment on
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Describe the use of enzymes in biological washing powders.
Most difficult to remove cloth stains often include lipids or proteins. Biological powders that contain lipase and protease are used.
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Why do you need to control the temperature when using a biological washing powder?
Enzymes work best at optimum temperatures.
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Describe the use of enzymes in lactose-free milk production.
Enzymes are immobilized on a carrier of fibres. Raw materials are supplied (milk w/ lactose). Immobilized lactase breaks down lactose. The product comes out.
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What is an antibiotic?
A product made by one organism to kill of another organism
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What mould secrets substances into environment to kill competition/disease causing organisms?
Penicillin mould
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Antibiotics affect only...
Bacterial cells.
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Why don't antibiotics kill viruses?
Antibiotics destroy cell walls and viruses don't have those. Also, viruses have no metabolism and no enzymes. (antibiotics stop enzyme work)
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During which period is penicillin produced?
After the main growth of the mould.
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What is used to prevent infection?
An antiseptic
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Which chemicals that kill microbes are applied to work surfaces?
Disinfectants
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Why are some bacteria resistant to penicillin?
Thet have the enzyme penicillinase
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Describe how a dough is made.
Flour, sugar, water and salt are mixd with yeast in a process called kneading
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Describe how a dough rises.
It is placed in a moist environment after kneading and yeast ferments the sugar. CO2 bubbles are trapped, making the dough rise
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What does the cooking of a dough lead to?
Yeast is killed, alcohol is evaporated, rust is formed.
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What is fermentation?
Any metabolic process carried out by microorganisms using crabs as raw materials.
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What is the equation for the anaerobic respiration by yeast?
Glucose = alcohol + CO2
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Where is the enzyme pectinase used? Why?
It breaks down clumps of plant cells, changing fruit juices from cloudy to clear.
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What is genetic engineering?
Changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes.
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How is a gene cut out from a chromosome?
By using a specific restriction enzyme and learning sticky ends.
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What is done to a plasmid in order to insert a gene into it?
It is cut open at specific points using restriction enzymes and leaving complementary sticky ends.
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What enzyme slices the desirable gene into the vector?
Ligase
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What is done to a vector carrying gene at the final stage?
It is inserted back into the bacterial host cell.
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What is done to bacteria containing desirable gene?
They are cultured to make a huge population which will make that product
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What is the blood clotting factor for hemophilia?
Factor VIII
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What are some important products of bacteria?
Insulin, human growth hormone, factor VIII
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Give 3 advantages of genetic engineering.
High yield from fewer resources, food can be made more convenient, results are very predictable
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Give 3 disadvantages of genetic engineering.
Can question human morals, engineered bacteria may escape and be dangerous, companies can take advantages of their products
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the cytoplasm of bacteria have?

Back

Enzymes and food molecules

Card 3

Front

How can the bacteria move?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are small rings of DNA in bacteria called?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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