Biology B2 (Organisation)

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What are cells?
The basic building block of all living organims
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What are tissues?
A group of cells with a specific strcuture and function
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What are organs?
An accumulation of tissues performing specific functions
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What is the circulatory system a type of?
Organ system
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What do organ systems work together to become?
Organisms
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What are the roles of digestive system?
To digest and absorb food
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What theory is used to simplify enzyme action?
The lock and key theory
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What does the lock and key represent?
Lock = enzyme , Key= substrate
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Why do digestive enzymes convert foo into small, soluble molecules?
So it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
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What do carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into?
simple sugars
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Why type of carbohydrase breaks down starch?
Amylase
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What does lipase break down and what does that convert into?
Breaks down lipids (fats) into glycerol and fatty acids
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What breaks down protein?
protease
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What does protein convert to?
amino acids
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Where is bile made?
liver
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Where is bile stored?
gall bladder
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Why is bile an alkaline substance?
To neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
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What else does bile do?
It emulsifies fat to from small droplets
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Why does bile do this?
To increase the surface area of fat
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What 2 conditions increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase?
The alkaline conditions and a large surface area
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What is used to test for starch?
Iodine solution
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What is used to test for sugars?
Benedict's solution
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What is used to test for protein?
Biuret reagent
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What is required only for sugars to allow it to work?
Benedict's solution must be heated (over 60 degrees)
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What colour shows a positive result for starch?
blue-black
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What colour shows a positive result for sugar?
red-brown if glucose or orange/yellow/green if there is less
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What colour shows a positive result for protein?
a purple ring between layers of the test tube
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What is the heart and what is its function?
It is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system
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Why is it known as a double circulatory system?
There are two pumps at the same time to pump blood in different directions
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How many chambers of the heart are there?
4
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What are these chambers called?
right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
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In the circulatory system, where does the gas exchange take place?
In the lungs
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Which chamber pumps blood to the lungs (deoxygenated)?
right ventricle
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Which chamber pumps blood to the rest of the body (oxygenated)?
left ventricle
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What is tbe order of size (biggest to smallest)of the components of the lungs?
trachea,bronchi,alveoli,capillary network surrounding the alveoli
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How is the natural resting heart rate controlled?
By a group of cells in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker
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What are the three types of blood vessel?
arteries,veins,capillaries
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What are the function of arteries?
To carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body(except the pulmonary artery)
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What are the function of veins?
To carry blood towards the heart (except the pulmonary vein)
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What are the function of capillaries?
To allow for efficient gas exchange in the lungs
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What structure of the arteries allows it to carry out its function?
It has thick,muscular walls and a narrow lumen to withstand blood under high pressure
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VWhat structure of the veins allows it to carry out its function?
It has thin walls and a wide lume as blood is under low pressure and it has valves to prevent blood backflow
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What structure of the capillaries allows it to carry out its function?
They are one cell thick so there is a shorter diffusion path, there walls are permeable meaning O2, CO2 and nureints can diffuse into it and it has no muscular walls as blood is under very low pressure
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Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood ?
arteries (except pulmonary artery)
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Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood?
veins (except pulmonary vein)
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What is the main artery in the heart?
The aorta
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What is blood?
A tissue
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What are the four components of blood?
red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets
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Which component is a liquid that suspends the three other components in?
plasma
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What is coronary heart disease caused by?
layers of fatty material (cholesterol) build up in the coronary arteries making them narrower.
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What does this narrowing cause?
reduces flow of blood through the arteries , resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart
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What is a stent and its use?
It is a tube of wire mesh used to keep the coronary arteries open
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What are statins and its use?
They are drugs used to reduce the blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit
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Why are artificial hearts occasionally used?
To keep patients allow while waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery
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Define health
It is the state of physical and mental well-being
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What can defects in the immune system mean your more likely to suffer from?
Infectious diseases
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What can be a trigger for cancers?
Viruses living in cells
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What can immune reactions (initially caused by a pathogen) trigger?
Allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
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What can severe physical health lead to?
Depression and other mental illness
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What 3 things can have an effect on getting cardiovascular disease?
diet,smoking and exercise
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What is obesity a risk factor of?
Type 2 diabetes
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What 2 organs are effected by alcohol?
Liver and brain
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What does smoking have an effect on?
Lung disease and lung cancer
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What 2 things can have an effect on unborn babies
smoking and alcohol
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What are carcinogens, including ionising radiation , a risk factor of?
cancer
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what are the different plant tissues?
epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem and phloem, meristem found at growing tips of shoots and roots
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What are the functions of the epidermal tissue?
contains waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
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What are the functions of the palisade mesophyll?
packed with chloroplasts(and chlorophyll) to absorb light energy for photosynthesis
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What are the functions of the spongy mesophyll?
packed loosely for efficient gas exchange, CO2 in, O2 out
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What are the functions of the xylem ?
transports water and minerals from the roots up to stem and into the leaves,are continuous, hollow tubes, have chemical called lignin to strengthen and support plant
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What are the functions of the phloem?
to move dissolved sugars to anywhere in the plant where it is needed
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What is transport through xylem called?
transpiration
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What is transport through phloem called?
translocation
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what factors can increase the rate of transpiration?
increase temp, increase air movement, increase light intensity, decrease humidity
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are tissues?

Back

A group of cells with a specific strcuture and function

Card 3

Front

What are organs?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the circulatory system a type of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do organ systems work together to become?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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