Biology B1

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What is blood pressure measured in?
Millimeters of mercury or MMHG
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What are the two measurments of blood pressure, and what do they measure?
Systolic pressure which measures the maximum pressure the heart produces, and Diastolic, which measures the pressure inbetween heartbeats.
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Name factors that can cause blood pressure to increase
Stress, increased alcohol intake, smoking and being overweight
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Name factors that can cause blood pressure to decrease
regular exercise, and a balanced diet
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How can blood pressure cause a stroke?
High blood pressure causes blood vessels to burst which can lead to damage to the brain and/or kidneys
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What is fitness?
The ability to do a physical activity
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What is health?
Being free from disease caused by bacteria and viruses.
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How can your general level of fitness be measured?
Your cardiovascular efficiency
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What types of activities can fitness be meaured through?
Strength, agility, flexibility, speed, stamina
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How does smoking increase blood pressure?
The carbon monoxide combines with the haemoglobin in the blood, which means less oxygen can be carried because it can' combine with the haemoglobin, so the heart rate has to increase.
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What is heart disease caused by?
Restricted blood flow to the heart muscle caused by plaques such as cholestrol in the coronary arteries, restricting blood flow.
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What increases the risk of heart disease?
high levels of saturated fats in the diet, which leads to a build up of cholestrol, and high levels of salt.
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What are the three main food groups, and what are they made of?
Proteins which are made up of chains of amino acids, carbohydrates which are made from simple sugars like glucose, and fats which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
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What factors can affect what a balanced diet is?
Age, gender, activity levels, religion, being vegetarian or vegan, or because of food allergies.
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What happens when you eat too many fatty, or carb rich foods?
They get stored in the body
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Where are fats and carbs stored?
fats are stored around organs as adipose tissue, or under the skin, nd carbs are stored in the liver as glycogen.
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Why do we need protein?
For growth
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How do you work out the EAR for protein?
EAR IN g= 0.6 x body mass in KG
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What can affect your EAR?
Body mass, age, being pregnant or breastfeeding.
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What is the equation for BMI
BMI=Mass in KG / height in M SQAURED
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What is malaria caused by?
A protozoan called plasmodium, which feeds on red blood cells
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What is a parasite?
An organism that feeds on another livng organism, causing it harm
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How can we help to stop the spread of malaria?
Draining stagnant water, putting oil on the waters surface, and spraying insecticide
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How does the body protect itself from antigens?
by producing antibodies
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How do antibodies work?
By locking on to the antigens on a pathogens surface
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What produces antibodies?
White blood cells
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Ho do vaccinations work?
By injecting antibodies from another human or animal
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What is active immunity?
When the body produces its own antibodies
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What is passive immunity?
When the body recieves antibodies through the form of anitbiotics or other medications
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Why can it take so long to recover from an illness?
Becaue each disease causing pathogen, has its own anitbody
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How does immunisation work?
By injecting a weakend or harmless version of a pathogen into a person, so it triggers a response so the bod can remember how to fight it next time
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Name one disadvantage of immunisation
It carries a risk of contracting the disease itself
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Name one advantage of immunisation
It will decrease the risk of the disease spreading
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What do antibiotics fight?
Bacteria and fungi
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What do antiviral drugs fight?
viruses
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How do antibiotics work?
They destroy the pathogens
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How do antiviral drugs work?
They slow the development of the pathogen
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How are new treatments tested?
computer models, human tissue samples, animals, and on medical trials.
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What is a placebo?
A harmless pill
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What happens to light rays in the eye?
They are refracted by the cornea and the lens
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What makes us sensitive to colour?
Light receptors in the retina
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What is binocular vision?
Where the eye placement helps organsims to judge distance. (humans for example)
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What is accomadation of the eye?
When the lens changes shape so the eye can focuse on onjects at different distances
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Name two things that can reduce the chances of SOME cancers
Lifestyle and diet
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What makes cancer cells different to benign cells?
Benign cells divide slowly and are harmless, wheras cancerous cells display uncontrolable growth
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What is a pathogen?
A disease causing organism
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How to pathogens create symptoms?
By releasing toxic waste called toxins, or by damaging cells
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How does the eye focus on distant objects?
The cilary muscles relax, and the suspensory ligaments tighten
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How does the eye focus on close objects?
The cilary muscles tighten, and the suspensory ligaments relax
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How is long sight caused?
The eyeball is too short or the lens is too thin.
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How is short sight caused?
The eyeball is too long, or the lens is too long
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What lens is used to correct long sight?
Convex
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What lens is used to correct short sight?
Concave
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What are nerve cells called?
Neurones
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What do nerve cells pass along?
The axon
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What are the links for a reflex arc?
Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - central nervous system - motor neurone - effector - response
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What are the links for a spinal reflex?
receptor - sensory neurone - relay neurone - motor neurone - effector
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How are neurones adapted?
They are long, have branched endings, and have an insulator sheath
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What is the most dangerous class of drugs?
Class A
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What is the least dangerous class of drugs?
Class C
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Name the 5 types of drugs
Depressants, stimulants, performance enhancers, hallucinogens, painkillers
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How do depressants work?
They block the transmission of nerve impulses across synapses
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What is alcoholic content measured in?
Units
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Why does alcohol increase the risk of an accident?
Because it increases reaction times
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What organ is damaged by alcohol?
The liver
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What is homeostasis?
Keeping a constant intenal enviroment
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What does homeostasis involve?
balancing bodily input and output
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What do you keep constant in homeostasis?
Water, carbon dioxide, and temperature
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What do negative feedback systems do?
They cancel out any change, such as an increase in temperature
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What can high temperatures do to your body?
Give you heatstroke or dehydration
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How does the body avoid overheating?
The body sweats, which increases the transfer of heat
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What gland is the blood temperature measured by?
The hypothalamus gland in the brain
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What systems control our reactions to temperature?
Our hormonal system and nervous system
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What do these systems trigger?
vascodilation, or vascoconstriction
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What is vascoconstriction?
The constriction of small blood vessels under the skin
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What is vascodilation?
The dilation of small blood vessels under the skin
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What hormone controls blood sugar levels?
insulin
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Why are hormonal reactions slower that nervous system reactions?
Because hormonal reactions are carried in the blood
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What is type 1 diabetes?
Where no insulin is being produced at all.
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What is type 2 diabetes?
Where not enough insulin is being produced, or the body is not reacting to it
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How can type 1 be managed?
By insulin injections
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How can type 2 be managed?
Through diet
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What is phototropism?
A plant's reaction to light
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What is geotropism?
A plant's reaction to gravity.
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How do shoots react?
positivly phototropic, negatively geotropic
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How do roots react?
Negatively phototropic, positivley geotropic
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What are the commercial usesof plant hormones?
Selective weedkillers, rooting powder, delay or accelerate the ripening of fruit, to control dormancy of seeds
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What is an allele?
A different version of a gene
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How do dominant and recessive characteristics work?
If one or two dominant alleles are expressed, then that allele will be expressed, but if no dominant alleles are present, the recessive allele(s) will be expressed
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How many pairs of chromosones do humans have?
23 pairs
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What sex chromosones do women have?
**
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What sex chromosones do men have
xy
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What letter do eggs carry?
x only
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What letter do sperm carry?
x OR y
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What is genetic variation caused by?
Mutations, or rearrangment of genes
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Homozygous means...?
identical alleles
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Heterozygous mans...?
different alleles
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Geneoype is...?
your genetic makeup
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Phenotype is...?
The alleles that are expressed
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What are inherited disorders caused by?
faulty alleles
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the two measurments of blood pressure, and what do they measure?

Back

Systolic pressure which measures the maximum pressure the heart produces, and Diastolic, which measures the pressure inbetween heartbeats.

Card 3

Front

Name factors that can cause blood pressure to increase

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name factors that can cause blood pressure to decrease

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How can blood pressure cause a stroke?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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