not that clever but receiving unconscious cues from owner
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Alex the Parrot
can talk, ask for things, give number values etc
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Koehler, (1913)
used his raven to descrim between sets of items on basis of relative number of items contained
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Emmerton, Lohmann and Niemann, (1997)
trained pigeons to discrim between few items and many, amount of light dark confound still showed effect on reverse display
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Matsuzawa (1985)
chimp called Ai select one of six repsonse keys when show array of red pencils 90%+ accuracy maybe perceptual matching? Skill still replicated with circles could say number for dif kinds of item
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Pepperberg, (1994)
alex the parrot could not only say how many in group as whole but according to colour, material or coloured matieral as a sub class
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Meck and Church, (1983)
serially presented items- rats trained with 2 signals 2 or 8 pulses of noise, had to alter the length so werent doing it on length of time until stim presented still responded correctly,
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Meck and Church, (1984)
carried out task with pulses of light and still respond approp
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Davis and Bradford, (1986)
access to a plank with food pellets on it, experimenter nearby talking to rat, if ate more than instructed to would shout no/clap praised if ate right amount, continued even when no longer praised
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Capaldi and Miller, (1988)
rats on runway RRN and NRRN learn to anticipate final N trial and run slow, first run go rel quick dep and use this to work out what rest of sequence will be - due to dif lengths of trials couldnt use this as indicator so had to count really
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Gelman and Gallistel, (1978)
counting inolves mapping (numerosity) onto a label that presents numerosity- numerons. One to one principle- each item assigned to one num, stable order- assigned in same order, cardinal- final num applies to all display
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Biro and Matsuzawa, (2000)
ali chimp trained to touch arabic numerals in ascending order- but some argued that it was just rote learning but need to understand numbers and concept between them
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Brannon and Terrace, (2000)
chimps trained to order array of 1-4 items in ascending, descending or random order- quicker at asc desc because have concept of number. Could learn ascending and descending orders but not the arbitrary ones
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...
also tested with novel displays 5-9
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Pepperberg, (2000)
how many green wood? Alex the parrot- understand what number label looked like but could he apply to display? Yes he could
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Boysen and Berntson, (1999)
Sheba chimp trained to label arrays with counters and then arabic numerals- performed well when swapped to everyday items too
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....
Extensive training with numbers 0-4- oranges hidden in lab in 3 hiding place- find all oranges and pick number but rep sum of hidden oranges 85% correct with 12 sessions of 20 trials
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...
could argue she learnt all ways of adding but when hid cards with numbers on them performed above chance right away- understanding of interval scale
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Boysen and Bertson, (1995)
chimp A given choice between two amounts of candy whichever chose would go to chimp B. Should have picked smaller amount to get bigger bag- unable to solve task until given numerical numbers
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