B6

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  • Created by: Ola182
  • Created on: 02-06-17 11:45
What is a stimulus?
A change in an organisms environment.
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What do sensory neurones do?
Carry impulses from the receptors to the CNS
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Name the two organs that make up the CNS.
.
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Where do motor neurones carry signals to and from?
They carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors
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What are receptors? Give an example of a receptor.
Cells that detect stimuli. E.g. taste receptors on the tongue.
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What are effectors? Give two examples of an effector.
Effectors respond to nervous impulses and bring about a change. E.g. muscle cells which make up muscles and hormone secreting cells which are found in glands.
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What is the role of the CNS?
It coordinates the response
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Draw a diagram to show the pathway between a stimulus and a response
Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - CNS - motor neurone - effector - response
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How do neurones transmit information?
When stimulated, neurones transmit info around the body as electrical impulses.
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What is an axon?
Axons are made up of the nerve cell's cytoplasm stretched out into a long fibre and surrounded by a cell membrane .
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What is the function of the fatty sheath surrounding some axons?
It insulates them prevent the loss of the electrical impulse
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What is a synapse?
The gap between two neurones
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Describe how impulses are transmitted across a synapse.
The impulse reaches the end of a neurone triggering the transmitter chemicals to release into the synapse. The chemicals diffuse across the gapand bind to receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neurone and so the impulse is inititated.
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Describe one way that the drug ecstasy can increase the concentration of serotonin in the brain
Ecstasy blocks sites in the brain's synapses where the transmitter chemical serotonin is removed. Because of this serotonin can't be removed so the concentration increases.
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What is a reflex?
An involuntary response
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Draw a diagram of a reflex arc.
.
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Give two ways that simple reflexes increase an animals chance of survival.
Sea anemones wave their tentacles more when they are stimulated by chemicals emitted by their prey increasing their chance of catching them. Molluscs (muscles+clams) close their shells when they detect a predator making them less likely to be eaten.
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Give three examples of simple reflexes in humans
Bright light can damage the eye so muscles in the eye contact making the pupil smaller allowing less light in the eye. If you pick up something that's hot, you drop it. Doctors may test the knee jerk reflex by tapping under the knee.
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How are reflexes modified?
You can override the automatic response by a neurone between the brain and the motor neurone.
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Give an example of when it would be advantageous to modify a reflex.
When you hold a hot plate and save your food from being spoilt by overriding the response to drop the hot plate.
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Describe the experiment carried out by Pavlov on reflexes
Dog salivates (simple reflex) when smell food (primary stimulus). Pavlov rang a bell (secondary stimulus) when given food. Dog associates bell with food so salivates when hears the bell (conditioned reflex).
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Describe another example of a conditioned reflex
Bird eats a bad tasting bright coloured insect. Bird associates the bad taste with the colour of the insect and so avoids the bright insect.
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How can new experiences increase the number of connections in the brain of a child?
When a neurone is stimulated by the experience, it branches out, connecting cells that were previously unconnected
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What happens to pathways when activities are repeated?
They are strengthened
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Why is it harder for older people to learn new things?
After the age of ten the pathways that aren't used as often die off. However new neurones and connections can still form which is why they can still learn.
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Why are complex animals better at adapting to new situations?
They're more adaptable because of the variety of potential pathways in the brain. Simpler animals have less flexible nervous systems as they don't have as many pathways making them less adaptable.
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Why is it important for children to develop their language skills at an early age? Give an example of a feral child to explain your answer.
If children haven't learnt to talk by the age of ten, they probably never will because some nerve pathways need to be strengthened at a particular age.
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Name tweo things that the cerebral cortex is important for.
Intelligence, language, consiousness and memory
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Give three methods used by scientists to study the brain.
Studying patients with brain damage, MRI scans and electrically stimulating the brain.
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What is memory?
The storage and retrieval of information.
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Describe the model of multi-store memory.
When you are given information it goes into your short term memory. If you revise the information it goes into your long term memory, if not it is forgotten.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What do sensory neurones do?

Back

Carry impulses from the receptors to the CNS

Card 3

Front

Name the two organs that make up the CNS.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Where do motor neurones carry signals to and from?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are receptors? Give an example of a receptor.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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