What are the advantages of having an internal skeleton?
An internal skeleton: Provides a framework and shape for the body, grows with the body, easy to attach muscles to and they have joints to allow flexibility
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What parts of the human skeleton are made from cartilage?
The human's outer ears, nose and ends of long bones
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What type of skeletons do insects have?
Insects have external skeletons (exoskeletons) made of chitin
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What types of skeletons do sharks have?
Sharks have an internal skeleton made only of cartilage
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What type of skeletons do animals such as humans have?
Humans and some animals have an internal skeleton made of bone and cartilage which are living tissue. Cartilage and bone can get infected if damaged, but they can re-grow and repair themselves
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What does a long bone contain?
Long bones have a hollow shaft. Long bones are lighter and stronger than solid bones. The head of a long bone is covered in hard, slippery cartilage to lubricate movement against other bones. The shaft contains bone marrow and blood vessels
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What is ossification?
When cartilage is replaced by calcium and phosphorus salts during growth making the bone hard (ossified)
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How can it be determined if a person is still growing or not?
Whether a person is still growing or not can be determined by the amount of cartilage present
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How are fractures detected?
X-rays are used to detect fractures in bones
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What are the 3 types of fractures?
Simple fractures: When the bone breaks cleanly Greenstick fractures: When the bone doesn't break completely Compound fracture: When the broken bone breaks through the muscle and skin
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What is osteoporosis?
A condition in which bones are weakened, become brittle and break more easily
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Why is it dangerous to move someone with a suspected fracture?
It can be dangerous to move someone with a suspected fracture, especially if their spine might be injured, as moving them makes it worse. Damage to the spinal cord can lead to paralysis
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What is a joint?
A joint is where two or more bones meet
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What is a ligament?
Ligaments join bones to other bones
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What are tendons?
Tendons attach muscles to bones
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What are fixed joints?
Bony plates fused together, which cannot move (e.g. in the skull)
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What is a synovial joint?
A synovial joint allows different types of movement. It contains synovial fluid
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What types of synovial joints are there?
Hinge joints (e.g. the elbow and knee): Bend in one direction Ball and socket joints (e.g. the shoulder the the hip) allow a range of movement
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What is the function of cartilage?
Cartilage reduces friction between bones and absorbs shock
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What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid, and keeps the synovial fluid within the joint preventing leakage
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What is the function of the synovial fluid?
Cushions and lubricates the joint during movement
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What are antagonistic muscles?
When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes (e.g. the biceps and triceps in the arm)
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How does the arm bend and straighten?
1. To bend the arm: The bicep contracts, pulling the radius bone. The tricep relaxes 2. To straighten the arm: The tricep contracts, pulling the ulna bone. The bicep relaxes
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What happens when moving the arm?
Elbow joint acts as a pivot. Bicep muscle attached close to the elbow so it only contracts a short distance. Radius bone acts as a lever so the hand moves much further. Hand moves a larger distance than muscles. Larger force is exerted by muscles
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What parts of the human skeleton are made from cartilage?
Back
The human's outer ears, nose and ends of long bones
Card 3
Front
What type of skeletons do insects have?
Back
Card 4
Front
What types of skeletons do sharks have?
Back
Card 5
Front
What type of skeletons do animals such as humans have?
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