b3

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What is Osmosis?
The movement of water molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane until equal
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What happens to cells in a hyper tonic solution?
Shrink
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What happens to cells in a hypo tonic solution?
Expand
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What happens to plant cells in a hyper tonic solution?
Become flaccid and wilted (plasmolysed)
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What happens to plant cells in a hypo tonic solution?
Become turgid and erect (lysis)
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Why do you become dehydrated after sweating?
Sweat contains mineral ions
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What should you do over long periods of exercise to solve this?
Replenish sugar, mineral ions and water
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What is needed during respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen
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What is active transportation?
When cells absorb substances against the concentration gradient.
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What is needed in active transportation?
Carrier molecule and energy
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What is the primary function of the lungs?
Is to provide oxygen for respiration and get rid of CO2
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What is needed for efficient gas exchange?
Large surface area (alveoli), thin walls, moist walls, short diffusion path, good blood supply
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Why is it better to breathe through your nose?
Cleaned by hair and mucus, Warmed by blood vessels, moist
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Why are lungs well ventilated?
To maintain a steep concentration gradient
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What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane until equal
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What is ventilation?
Movements of the ribs, rib muscles and diaphragm allow air into and out of the lungs
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Why does ventilation occur?
Due to changes in volume and pressure in the thorax
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What happens to the thorax when you inhale?
Volume increases
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What happens to the thorax when you exhale?
Volume decreases
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Name the path of air going into the lungs?
Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - aveali
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What happens when you breathe in?
Intercostal muscles between ribs contract, Ribcage moves up and out, diaphragm flattens, Pressure decreases and air is drawn in.
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What happens when you breathe out?
Intercostal muscles between ribs relax, ribcage moves up and out, diaphragm becomes domed, Pressure increases and air is forced out.
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Name one reason why someone might not get enough oxygen into there bloodstream
Alveoli are damaged, so surface area for gas exchange is reduced.
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Name another reason why someone might not get enough oxygen into there bloodstream
Tubes leading to the lungs may be narrowed, reducing ventilation
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What is the iron lung?
A large metal cylinder that uses air pressure to move the persons chest so that they can breathe in and out.
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What is a positive pressure bag?
A bag placed over the face and forces measured amounts of air into the patients trachea
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Why is the food we digest in the gut turned into small soluble molecules?
So the surface area is bigger and so it can be absorbed into the small intestine
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What covers the small intestine?
Villi
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What is the purpose of villi?
To increase surface area so food can be digested much quicker
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Why do villi have a good blood supply?
For quicker absorption
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What is coeliac disease?
Where the villi flatten out, resulting in needing a gluten free diet
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What is homeostatis?
The maintenance of a constant internal enviroment
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What is responsible for monitoring stuff in the brain?
Hypothalamus
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What is the human core body temperature?
37
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Why do you need to maintain this?
So enzymes can work at their optimum and not be damaged
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What part of the hypothalamus controls blood temperature?
Thermoregulatory centre
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What happens to the skin if the core temperature rises?
The hairs lie flat, Sweat, Vasodilation, no shivering
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What is vasodilation?
The redirecting of blood through different capillaries to the top
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What happens to the skin if the core temperature drops?
Hairs are raised, little sweat, vasconstriction, shivering
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What do the muscle release during movement?
Heat
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What is the function of the kidneys?
Clean the blood of all the urea, excess water and salts
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What is ADH?
A hormone that alters the permeability of cells to allow more water to be reabsorbed
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What is ultrafiltration?
Where the blood is filtered out of the renal capillary
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what is re absorption?
Where all the glucose, some ions/salts and water is absorbed into the renal vein
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What is dialysis?
A machine that filters the blood for people whos kidneys dont function
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What is in the circulatory system?
blood vessels, heart and blood
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What does blood contain?
Plasma, Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
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What is plasma?
A liquid which is mainly water with many dissolved solutes, CO2, Urea, Glucose, amino acids, Fatty acids...
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Why are red blood cells bioconcaved?
to allow for maximum oxygen intake
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Where are red blood cells produced?
Bone marrow
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Where are they recycled?
Liver
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What are platelets?
Small fragments of cells that helps the blood clot
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What is a transfusion?
When a patient is given plasma to increase blood volume
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What is is Perfluorcocarbons?
A type of artificial blood
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What are the advantages of PFC's?
No cells so blood matching doesnt have to happen, doesnt need to be refrigerated.
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What muscle is the heart made up of?
Cardiac muscle
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Why is it made up of Cardiac muscle?
As it doesnt get tired.
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What is double circulation?
The term used to describe how blood has to pass through the heart twice in one complete circuit
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What does the right pump do?
Forces deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it gets rid of CO2 and picks up O2
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What happens on the left pump of the heart?
Oxygenated blood is pumped around the body.
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What are the valves purposes in the heart?
To make sure blood always flows in the right direction.
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What makes the lub dub sound in the heart?
Valves opening and closing.
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Why is the left ventricle so much thicker than the right?
As it needs more cardiac muscle for pressure to pump around the whole body.
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What is the function of a pacemaker?
Makes sure both atrium's and valves operate at the same time
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Why are artificial hearts being developed?
Lack of heart donators.
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What are the advantages of artificial hearts?
No blood tissue match needed, No immunosuppressant drugs.
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What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?
Problems with blood clotting, Long hospital stays, expensive
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What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, CApillaries, Veins
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What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from the heart
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How are arteries adapted to suit their job?
Have thick elastic walls to maintain blood pressure
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What do veins do?
carry blood to the heart form the tissue.
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How are veins adapted to suit their job?
Have thinner walls and have valves to stop back flow of the blood.
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What do capillaries do?
Carry blood through all the organs and tissue
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How are capillaries adapted to suit their job?
Are tiny, thin walled vessels (only one cell thick) and have tiny holes to allow exchange of substances
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What happens if the vessels are blocked or narrowed?
Blood cannot flow efficiently meaning that the organs of the body will be deprived of oxygen and vital nutrients
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What do stents do?
Keep blood vessels open that are narrowed.
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How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?
Through diffusion in the stomata
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Why is there lots of places inside of a leaf?
As it allows CO2 to reach lots of parts of the leaf
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What do stomata do?
Allow CO2 in and O2 out
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How is the size of the stomata controlled?
Via guard cells
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Why are root hair cells important in roots?
As they push between soil particles and increase the surface area
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How else are root hair cells adapted?
They have Microvilli and lots of mictochondria to provide energy for active transportation
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What is transpiration?
The loss of water vapour from the surface of plant leaves through the stomata
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What is the transpiration stream?
The movement of water through a plant of the water evaporating and more flowing up the xylem vessel to replace it
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How does water move into the plants?
Through osmosis
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What controls water loss in a plant?
Cuticle and the stomata
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What are the is the few steps of eutrophication?
Nitrate Fertilizers are used and runoff into the river where it causes algae to grow, the excessive algae cause sunlight to be blocked
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What are the next few steps of eutrophication?
As of lack of sunlight algae die and fall to the bottom of the river where they start to decompose, the bacteria use up all the oxygen for respiration leaving none for the fish to respire
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What is a biogas generator?
Where dung, farm waste, garden rubish is but into a chamber where bacteria are used to break down these substances in anaerobic conditions
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What are the products of Biogass generators?
The products are methane which can be used for cooking and heating. As well slurry which is used for fertilizers
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How is Mycroprotein made?
From fungi called fusarium
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What is the process of producing mycroprotein?
Fungus is grown in a fermenter, using glucose syrup as food, which comes from digesting maize starch with enzymes. The fungus respires aerobically and mycroprotein is harvested
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What equipment is used in a fermenter?
Stirrer, to keep microorganisms in suspension and maintain an even temp; Water cooled jacket to remove heat via respiration
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What happens to cells in a hyper tonic solution?

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Card 3

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What happens to cells in a hypo tonic solution?

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Card 4

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What happens to plant cells in a hyper tonic solution?

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What happens to plant cells in a hypo tonic solution?

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