b2

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  • Created by: ilke1211
  • Created on: 16-04-17 20:05
How can organisms be classified into groups ?
Based on shared characteristics
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What are the 5 kingdoms ?
Animalia (animal), Plantae (plants), Fungi, Protoctista ( uni-cellular),
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Organisms of the same species ...
may show great variation and may have more features in common with organisms of different species
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Similar species ...
tend to live in the similar types of habitat
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Why is it difficult to place organisms into distinct groups ?
This is because the variety of life is constantly changing
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What is the process of classifying organisms ?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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What is an acronym for the classification process ?
Keep, Pond, Clean, Or, Froggy, Gets, Sick
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Why is it important to classify species ?
So that organism can be put into groups or sets depending on their genetic make up and their adaptations.
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What is classification using the artificial system ?
It is based on one or two characteristics that make identification easier, for example birds that live by the sea are called seabirds
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What is classification using the natural system ?
It is based on evolutionary relationships and is much more detailed. Animals that are closely related are more likely to be in the same group.
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How has DNA sequencing led to changes in understanding classification ?
It has enabled scientists to know much more about how closely related organisms are.
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What is the definition of species ?
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
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What is the binomal system ?
The name given to an organism consisting of two words. The first being the Genus and the second being the Species . The genus starts with a capital letter and the species starts with a lower case letter. e.g Panthera leo (Lion)
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What are some problems with classifying species ?
Hybrids (Liger), Organisms that reproduce asexually (Bacteria), The fact that animals are constantly evolving.
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Closely related species share ...
a relatively recent ancestor and may have different features if living in different habitats
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What is a trophic level ?
A so called "feeding level" on a food chain
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Are all producers green plants ?
No, sometimes it can be photosynthesising uni-cellular organisms.
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What would happen to a food chain if an organisms population changes ?
e.g a robin. If a robin dies the worms it eats will grow in population due to no threats. Whereas the hawk that hunts the robin will decrease as there is less food for them.
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What do pyramids of biomass show ?
They show the dry mass of living material at each stage of a food chain
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Why can pyramids of numbers and pyramids of biomass be different shapes ?
This can be as a result of the producers being very large (e.g an oak tree) which is much larger than its consumer , however there are more consumers so on a pyramid of numbers the consumer would be larger.
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What difficulties are there in constructing a pyramid ?
An organism may belong to more than one trophic level and measuring dry biomass involves killing the animal.
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How is energy transferred to less useful forms at each stage (trophic level) in the food chain ?
Heat through rsepiration and Excretion
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Excretory can be be used as the basis for other food chains because ...
It is what some decomposers use as their food source which starts another food chain as they are eaten by predatory organisms.
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How does energy effiency explain a pyramid of biomass' shape and why there is a limited length of a food chain ?
Energy produced by an organism is lost as it travels up the trophic levels meaning that the top consumer recieves very little energy from its food so it has the smallest trophic level as there is not food to sustain a bigger population.
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To calculate energy transfer you use the formula ...
energy used for growth/ energy input
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What happens when animals and plants decay ?
The elements in their bodies are recycled
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What in the soil decays dead organisms ?
Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi live within soil and decompose the body
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Why is it important dead organisms decompose ?
So that materials are recycled to be used by other organisms
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Dead matter is returned to the soil which is coverted to many substances by different bacteria and fungi ...
Bacteria and fungi convert protein to ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrates. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria fix nitrogen gas
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What are two important elements that are made as a result of an organisms death ?
Carbon and Nitrogen
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What does carbon enter plants in the form of ?
Carbon Dioxide in the air
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What does nitrogen enter plants in the form of ?
Nitrates in the soil
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Why is nitrogen in the air not used for plants ?
This is because nitrogen is an unreactive substance
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How is carbon recycled in nature ?
Plants remove it from the air through photosynthesis. Feeding passes carbon along the food chain. Plants and animals release it when respiring. Released by burnig fossil fuels. Decomposers when working release it.
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How nitrogen is recycled in nature ?
Plants take in nitrates in soil to make protein for growth. Feeding passes nitrogen across the food chain. Nitrogen compounds in dead organisms being broken down by decomposers which returns to soil.
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How may competition influence the size of a population ?
If similar animals compete for the same resource the amount of food and water will decrease then there will be a decrease in the population of the competing animals as well as they will die out because the resources will be scarce and used up.
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If the animal competing are the same species what else may they compete for ?
They may also compete for mates.
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When the population of prey increases ...
the population of predators increases as well after a bit of time.
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When the population of prey decreases ...
the population of the predator decreases as well, but not immediately. Also the predator has too be heavily reliant on the one species of prey for food to decrease as a result
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Are all relationships in the animal kingdom prey-predator ?
No, there can also be parasitism and mutualism
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What is an example of a mutualistic relationship ?
The ox-****** and the ox have a mutualistic relationship. the ox-****** benefits by eating ticks found on the ox, while the ox benefits as the ticks that **** blood are eaten.
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Why will similar animals in the same habitat be in close competition ?
This is because they are both adapted to huntin the same prey in their own ecological niche and therefore will challenge eachother for the same food e.g lions & hyenas
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Why are organisms of the same species that compete more significant ?
This is because if animals are of the same species they will share the exact same adaptations and will need the same resources to survive whereas a different species could possibly hunt another animal.
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What is interspecific ?
Is between organisms of different species
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What is intraspecific ?
Is between organisms of the same species
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What is an ecological niche ?
It is the habitat an organism lives in and also the role in that habitat
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How are predators adapted to be succesful ?
Binocular vision to accurately judge distance, Hunting strategy, Breeding strategy.
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How are prey adapted to be succesful ?
Monocular vision to have wide field of view, Living in groups to reduce chance of being caught, Cryptic/warning colouring, Mimicry, Breeding strategy
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Animals and plants that are better adapted to their habitats are ...
better able to compete for limited resources
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How do some adaptations help organisms survive in cold enviroments ?
Anatomical adaptations to reduce heat loss icuding insulation and surface area. Behavioural adaptations such as migrating or hibernating in the winter months
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How do some adaptations help organisms survive in hot enviroments ?
Anantomical adaptations to increase heat loss . Behavioual methods to increase heat loss and reduce heat gain.
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An animal with a large surface area to volume will live in a ...
hot enviroment
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What is the counter current heat exchange in a penguin ?
A penguin needs to minimise heat loss as it lives in a cold enviroment. To do this they are adapted so that blood vessels that have cold blood are close to warm blood vessels so that there is minimal heat loss.
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What is a chemical adaptation in some organisms that live in cold habitats ?
It is called a biochemical adaptation, e.g some animals have an antifreeze protein in their cells.
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What is a specialist ?
An organism that is very well adapted to a specific habitat.
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What is a generalist ?
An organism that can live in several habitats
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What happens if a plant or animal is better adpted to their enviroment ?
They and the following generation are more likely to survive.
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What is the name given to the process when a group of organisms change over a period of time ?
Evolution
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When enviroments change and resources are limited some organisms may survive or evolve while others die, what is this called ?
Survival of the fittest
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Who theory of evolution , is the one that is most widely accepted ?
Charles Darwin
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Do all scientists agree with Charles Darwin ?
No
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What is Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection ?
1) Within any species there is variation. 2) Organisms will produce far more young than will survive, so there is competition for limited resources 3) Only those best adapted will survive 4) They will pass on their genes to the next generation
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What are adaptations controlled by ?
Genes, which can be passed onto the next generation.
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Over time changes produced by natural selection results in a new species ...
This only happens if different organisms cannot mate for a long time, there may also be geographical isolation or behavioural isolation preventing mating. Finally each group may evolve to be so different they become another species.
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Why was Darwins theory of evolution met initially with a hostile response ?
Many thought Darwin did not have enough evidence to back up his theory and some thought that it was God who created new creatures not a natural process.
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Why is Darwins theory of evolution using natural selection not widely accepted ?
Firstly because the theory explains a wide range of observations made. Secondly, it has been discussed and tested by a wide range of scientists.
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What was Lamarck's theory ?
Lamarcks theory was that if an animal requires a characteristic if it needs it, then that characteristic is passed to its offspring.
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Why was Lamarck's theory decredited ?
His theory had no genetic basis
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Is the theory of natural selection stayed the same since Victorian times ?
No, it is constantly being adapted as new discoveries are being made, such as including the understanding of inheritance.
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What is the problem with a rapidly increasing human population ?
More resources are being use , some of them are finite such as fossil fuels and minerals
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How is the enviroment affected as a result of increased resource use ?
There is more waste added to landfills due to household waste , There is poorer sewage/sanitation, Greenhouse gases are released from fossil fuels
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Why is the human population growing exponentionally ?
Because the death rate is lower than the birth rate
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What is the cause of global warming ?
The release of carbon dioxide from burning of fossil fuels.
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What is the cause of ozone depletion ?
CFC's in aerosols or old fridges
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What is the cause of acid rain ?
The release of sulphur dioxide from burning of fossil fuels.
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What causes more impact on the use of resources and pollution, developed nations with a small population or underdeveloped nations with large populations.
MEDC nations
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What is the carbon footprint ?
The total greenhouse gases given off by a person or organisation within a certain time.
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What are the consequences of exponential growth ?
A decrease in resources and an increase in pollution.
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What does the presence of an indicator species do ?
It estimates the levels of pollution depending on the species.
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Why do animals become endangered or extinct ?
Climate change, Habitat destruction, Hunting, Pollution, Competition
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How can endangered species be conserved ?
Protecting habitats, Legal protection, Education programmes, Captive breeding programs, Seed banks, Creating artificial ecosystems
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Why are there conservation programmes ?
To protect human food supply, Ensuring minimal damage to food chains, Future identification of plants for medicinal purposes, Cultural aspects
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Species are at risk of extinction if ...
the number of individuals or habitats fall below critical level.
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If the size of a population is below critical level then ...
there is njot alot of genetic variation in the population enabling it to survive
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What value do whales have when alive ?
Tourism
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What value do whales have when dead ?
Food, Oil and Cosmetics
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What issues arise when whales kept in captivity ?
They are kept for entertainment, They lack freedom, They are kept for research , They are kept for captive breeding programs
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What do we still not fully understand about whales ?
Their communication, their migration patterns, their ability to survive at extreme depths
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What is sustainable developmet ?
Providing for the needs of a population without harming the enviroment
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How can sustainable development apply to fish and woodlands ?
Have a fishing quota, Educate the population, Re-plant woodland
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How does population link with sustainable development ?
As the population increases it is crucial sustained development is carried out as fossil fuels will run out, food will run out and large amount of waste will collect if not sustained properly
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Does sustainability require only local cooperation ?
No sustainability requires cooperation on local, national and international levels
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Does sustainability require only local cooperation ?
No sustainability requires cooperation on local, national and international levels
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Card 2

Front

What are the 5 kingdoms ?

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Animalia (animal), Plantae (plants), Fungi, Protoctista ( uni-cellular),

Card 3

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Organisms of the same species ...

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Similar species ...

Back

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Card 5

Front

Why is it difficult to place organisms into distinct groups ?

Back

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