B1.4- Adaptation for survival

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What do plants need to survive?
Light, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen and nutrients
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What do animals need to survive?
Food from other living organisms, water and oxygen
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What are adaptations?
Features that make it possible for them to survive in their particular habitat
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How do plants produce glucose?
Photosynthesis
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How are epiphytes adapted to live high above the ground?
They attach to other plants and collect water and nutrients from the air.
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What type of animals have teeth adapted for grinding up plant cells?
Herbivores
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How are carnivores’ teeth adapted?
Their teeth are adapted for tearing flesh and crushing bones.
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How do some sea birds remove the salt they do not need after drinking sea water?
They ‘cry’ very salty tears from a special gland.
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How are water lilies adapted? What does this help the plant do?
They have large air spaces between their cells so they float on water. This makes sure their leaves are above water so they can make food by photosynthesis.
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What is an extremophile?
Organisms that survive and reproduce in the most difficult conditions
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What are microorganisms that can survive very high temperatures called?
Thermophiles
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How are these microorganisms adapted?
They have special enzymes which do not denature even at very high temperatures.
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Why can very few organisms survive in very salty conditions?
It causes problems with water balance.
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How are extremophiles adapted so they can survive in very salty conditions?
Their cytoplasm is adapted so that water does not move out of the cells.
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Where do animals lose heat from?
Their body surface
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What is the amount of energy you lose related to?
Your surface area: volume ratio
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What is blubber?
A thick layer of fat that builds up under the skin
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How are polar bears adapted to survive the arctic?
Any of: Large size, Small ears, Thick coat, White camouflage
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Why is camouflage important to: a) predators b) prey
a) So their prey does not see them coming b) So they cannot be seen
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How is the arctic fox adapted so that is it camouflaged all year around despite the changing scenery?
It has a brown coat in summer and a pure white coat in winter.
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Why do polar bears not need to be camouflaged all year around?
They have no natural predators on the land.
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Why are deserts such difficult places to survive?
They are very hot during the day and bitterly cold at night, water is also hard to come by.
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How do many animals get the water they need?
From the food they eat
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Why does keeping cool in the desert pose even more problems for mammals?
They often sweat to cool down which increases the amount of water they lose, this needs replacing.
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How do mammals change their behaviour to help them survive in the desert?
They are most active in the early morning and late evening when it is cool, when it is very hot or very cold they shelter.
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How is a jerboa adapted so they lose lots of heat from their body surface?
They are very small so have a large surface area to volume ratio and they have large thin ears to increase the surface area for losing heat.
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What do plants need to survive?
Light, water, space and nutrients
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Give an example of an environment where plants cannot grow. Why?
Deep in the ocean – no light to photosynthesise OR Icy wastes of the Antarctic – too cold
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What happens if a plant does not have enough water?
It wilts and dies.
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How is water taken into most plants?
Through their roots
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What are the small openings in leaves called which allow gas exchange for photosynthesis?
Stomata
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What other process in plants requires gas exchange?
Respiration
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What is lost through stomata?
Water vapour
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Why don’t plants just close their stomata?
They need them open for photosynthesis and respiration.
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What conditions mean photosynthesis and respiration take place very quickly?
Hot and dry
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How do plants adapt to survive in these sorts of conditions?
Reduce their surface area and/or store water in their tissues
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Is it best to have leaves with high or low surface area: volume ratio if adapting to live in a desert?
Low
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What might be an advantage of large surface area leaves in the desert?
To collect dew and funnel it back to the plant’s roots
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How do curved leaves help reduce water loss from plants?
Reduces surface area Traps moist layer of air around leaf to reduce evaporation
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What is a cuticle?
A waxy covering on the leaf that stops water evaporating
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What benefit do spines have for a cactus?
Very small surface area Put off animals eating them
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How are some roots adapted to collect water?
Very extensive root systems that spread over a wide area or go down a long way
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Where can plants store water?
In fleshy leaves or stems/roots
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Give three things animals compete for?
1. Food 2. Territory 3. Mates
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Why is an animal that eats any leaves more likely to survive than a panda?
Because pandas only eat bamboo and if anything happens to their source of bamboo they would die out but the other animal could just eat a different plant.
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Who does a carnivore have to compete with for food?
1. Other carnivores 2. Own species
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Of the above what is the most intense competition?
Competition with own species
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How do prey animals compete?
To be the one that is not caught
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What is a territory?
An area where an animal lives and feeds, which it may mark out or defend against other animals
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How are male peacocks adapted to compete for a mate?
How are male peacocks adapted to compete for a mate?
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Describe a successful competitor.
An animal best suited to finding food or a mate compared to other members of its species and members of other species. It also needs to be able to breed successfully.
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What do plants compete for?
Light, water, nutrients and space to grow
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What are plants in competition with?
Other species and plants of their own species
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Why is it important for plants to spread their seeds widely?
If they drop them nearby the parent plant will be in direct competition with its seedlings so they will not flourish.
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Why do some small plants flower early in the year?
So that light can get through the bare branches of the trees and the flower can photosynthesise The dormant trees doe not take out much water from the soil at this time of year The leaves shed the previous autumn provide nutrients in the soil
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Describe how two plants living together could both utilise the water in the soil.
One plant could have very deep roots do get the water deeper down and one could have shallow roots which get the water at the surface of the soil.
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How can plants adapt so that animals are less likely to eat them?
Thorns, Poisons that make them taste bitter or make the animal ill
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How is the sycamore seed adapted to help avoid competition between parent and seedling?
They have wings which mean they fall far away from the parent tree.
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How are juice berries and fruits adapted to avoid competition between parent and seedling?
They are appealing for animals to eat, the seeds are tough and they get deposited far away from the parent by the animal.
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If two seeds are growing next to each other and both have similarly developed roots, what vital step could determine which one is the most competitive?
The plant that opens its leaves the fastest as it will be able to photosynthesise and outgrow the other plant, depriving the competition of light.
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How is a male fig wasp adapted to help him find a female?
Loss of wings and very small eyes
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Why are some species of fig free close to extinction?
Because the wasp population specific for that species of fig tree are being wiped out
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Why is it thought that star-nosed moles are so fast at reacting?
Because they cannot see what is going on and would lose their prey if they were slower to react
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What acts as the trigger in a Venus flytrap?
Small sensitive hairs
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How does the plant digest its food?
Using special enzymes once the prey has been trapped
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What does the distribution of living organisms depend on?
The environmental conditions in that area
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Give an example of a non-living factor.
Rainfall, temperature, light, pH OR any other sensible answer
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What often determines the distribution of aquatic animals?
Water oxygen levels
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What else does the distribution of organisms depend on?
Other living organisms
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What can happen when an environment changes?
It can cause a change in the distribution of living organisms in the area.
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What is often the cause of a change in environment?
Non-living factors
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Give a living factor that could also change an environment.
Any sensible answer, e.g. A new predator may move in to the area OR disease causing pathogen may appear, etc.
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How can you measure environmental change? (Mention two methods.)
1. By measuring non-living indicators/factors 2. Measure the changing distribution of living organisms
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What are lichens sensitive to?
Air pollution, particularly levels of sulfur dioxide
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How can you measure levels of water pollution using living factors?
By measuring the number of species in the water
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Why are the numbers of Dartford warblers rising in the UK?
Because the temperatures are slowly increasing
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Why is the reducing numbers of bees a worry?
Without bees less plants will be pollinated so fruit will not form
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What living factor is thought to be a major contributor to the reduction in number of honeybees?
A viral disease spread by a parasitic mite
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What do animals need to survive?

Back

Food from other living organisms, water and oxygen

Card 3

Front

What are adaptations?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How do plants produce glucose?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How are epiphytes adapted to live high above the ground?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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