B1.2- Coordination and control

?
What allows your body to know what is going on around it?
Its nervous system
1 of 79
What is an impulse?
A very fast electrical signal which is carried in your nervous system
2 of 79
What is the scientific word for ‘changes’ in the world around you?
Stimuli
3 of 79
What are the cells called that pick up these ‘changes’?
Receptors
4 of 79
Where are these cells usually found? Give an example.
In special sense organs, e.g. eyes, skin, nose, etc.
5 of 79
What are neurons?
Special cells that can pass impulses from one part of the body to another
6 of 79
What are large bundles of neurons called?
Nerves
7 of 79
What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?
The brain and spinal cord
8 of 79
What is the role of a sensory neurone?
To carry impulses (not messages) from the receptors to the CNS
9 of 79
What is a motor neurone?
A neurone that carries impulses from the CNS to the effector organs
10 of 79
What are the body’s effector organs?
Muscles and glands
11 of 79
What is it called when you react to a stimulus without having to think about it?
Reflex
12 of 79
What are reflexes for?
Avoid danger or harm, Take care of basic bodily functions e.g. breathing
13 of 79
What three types of neurone are involved in a reflex action?
1. Sensory neurones 2. Motor neurones 3. Relay neurones
14 of 79
Briefly describe a reflex arc.
Stimulus detected by sensory receptor, Impulse carried from sensory receptor along sensory neurone to CNS, Impulse passed to relay neurone and straight back along a motor neurone, Impulse arrives and activates a muscle or gland
15 of 79
What is a synapse?
A junction between neurones
16 of 79
If a neurone were described as an electrical signal, what would a synapse be described as?
A chemical signal
17 of 79
What is the general pattern of a reflex arc?
Stimulus = receptor = coordinator = effector = response
18 of 79
What is the main difference between a normal response and a reflex response?
The speed at which it happens AND no conscious brain involvement
19 of 79
What are hormones?
Chemical substances that coordinate many processes within the body
20 of 79
How are hormones transported around the body?
In the bloodstream
21 of 79
Where are the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle made?
The pituitary gland and a woman’s ovaries
22 of 79
What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?
28 days
23 of 79
What is ovulation?
When a maturing egg is released from the ovary
24 of 79
What has happened to the womb to coincide with ovulation?
Its lining has thickened.
25 of 79
What must happen for the woman to become pregnant?
The egg must be fertilised by sperm.
26 of 79
What is the role of the womb during pregnancy?
To provide food and protection for the developing embryo
27 of 79
What happens if the egg is not fertilised by a sperm?
The lining of the womb and the dead egg are shed from the body.
28 of 79
What is this called?
A period
29 of 79
What hormone makes eggs mature in the ovaries?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
30 of 79
What else does this hormone stimulate?
It stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
31 of 79
What actions does oestrogen have?
It stimulates the lining of the womb to build up ready for pregnancy,
32 of 79
What stimulates the release of a mature egg?
A peak in the levels of LH
33 of 79
What do contraceptive pills contain?
Female hormones, particularly oestrogen
34 of 79
How does the oral contraceptive pill work?
It prevents the production of FSH so the eggs do not mature and also prevents the release of any eggs.
35 of 79
What might happen if someone was to forget to take the contraceptive pill?
The natural hormone levels may take over which could lead to a mature egg being released and potentially a pregnancy.
36 of 79
What was the problem with the first birth control pills?
They contained very high levels of oestrogen and caused serious side effects such as high blood pressure and headaches.
37 of 79
What do modern contraceptive pills contain?
Lower doses of oestrogen and often progesterone
38 of 79
How do the actions of the old and new pills differ?
The new pill does not stop the egg maturing so is not quite as good at stopping pregnancy.
39 of 79
How can artificial FSH be used to help some families with infertility?
Artificial FSH can be taken to stimulate the eggs in the ovary to mature and to produce oestrogen.
40 of 79
What does IVF stand for?
In vitro fertilisation
41 of 79
What happens if a women’s fallopian tube is damaged?
Eggs cannot reach the uterus so women cannot get pregnant naturally.
42 of 79
How does IVF help these women?
Eggs are collected and fertilised with the father’s sperm outside the body. These fertilised eggs develop into tiny embryos and are inserted back into the uterus of the mother to bypass the fallopian tubes.
43 of 79
What are the negatives of IVF?
It is very expensive and not always successful.
44 of 79
What are the conditions inside your body known as?
Internal conditions
45 of 79
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of constant internal body conditions
46 of 79
What does homeostasis involve?
Nervous system, Hormone systems, Other body organs,
47 of 79
What happens if too much water moves into or out of your cells?
They get damaged or destroyed.
48 of 79
How do you lose water from your body?
In your breath, sweat and urine
49 of 79
Where is urine made?
Kidneys
50 of 79
How do you lose salt from your body?
In your urine and sweat
51 of 79
How is the concentration of urine controlled?
By nerves and hormones
52 of 79
What happens when you drink lots of water in one go?
Your kidneys will remove the extra water from your blood and produce lots of pale urine.
53 of 79
What temperature must you keep your core?
37 degrees C
54 of 79
Why is this the optimum temperature for your body?
It is the temperature your enzymes work best at.
55 of 79
What happens at a few degrees above or below this?
The reactions in your cells stop and you could die.
56 of 79
What is it called when your body temperature drops below 35 degrees C?
Hypothermia
57 of 79
Name a method your body uses to warm up?
Shivering
58 of 79
What helps keep your blood glucose levels constant regardless of what you eat?
Hormones made in the pancreas
59 of 79
What are plants sensitive to?
Light, water and gravity
60 of 79
Which way do roots need to grow?
Downward
61 of 79
What role does the root of a plant have?
To anchor the seedling and keep it stable, and to take up water and minerals
62 of 79
Why do the shoots need to grow upwards?
This is towards the light which allows them to photosynthesise.
63 of 79
What are plant’s roots sensitive to?
Gravity and water
64 of 79
What are plant’s shoots sensitive to?
Gravity and light
65 of 79
What controls plant responses?
Plant hormones
66 of 79
What is phototropism?
The response of a plant to light
67 of 79
Which way does a shoot grow in relation to a light source?
Towards the light
68 of 79
What is gravitropism (geotropism)?
The response of a plant to gravity
69 of 79
Which hormone controls the responses of plant roots and shoots to gravity, water and light?
Auxin
70 of 79
Describe what happens in terms of auxin when a shoot has a light source only on one side.
Auxin moves to the shaded side of the shoot Auxin causes the cells on this side of the plant to grow faster Shoot bends towards the light
71 of 79
Describe the difference between the effects of auxin in roots and shoots when regarding gravitropism.
In shoots auxin makes the cells grow more but in roots it makes the cells grow less.
72 of 79
How can plant hormones be used as weed killers?
They make unwanted plants go into rapid unwanted growth which kills them.
73 of 79
How can gardeners make identical plants from ones they already have?
By taking cuttings and adding plant growth hormones to produce roots, these can then be planted to grow properly
74 of 79
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using plant hormones as weed killers.
Advantage: higher crop yields, cheaper food for public or other sensible answer Disadvantage: damage to large areas of forest, can affect people if chemicals get into water supply or other sensible answer
75 of 79
Describe the difference between the effects of auxin in roots and shoots when regarding gravitropism.
In shoots auxin makes the cells grow more but in roots it makes the cells grow less.
76 of 79
How can plant hormones be used as weed killers?
They make unwanted plants go into rapid unwanted growth which kills them.
77 of 79
How can gardeners make identical plants from ones they already have?
By taking cuttings and adding plant growth hormones to produce roots, these can then be planted to grow properly
78 of 79
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using plant hormones as weed killers.
Advantage: higher crop yields, cheaper food for public or other sensible answer Disadvantage: damage to large areas of forest, can affect people if chemicals get into water supply or other sensible answer
79 of 79

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is an impulse?

Back

A very fast electrical signal which is carried in your nervous system

Card 3

Front

What is the scientific word for ‘changes’ in the world around you?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the cells called that pick up these ‘changes’?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where are these cells usually found? Give an example.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

B4
B1
See all Biology resources »See all Nervous system, hormones and behaviour resources »