B1 Topic 1

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What are the five kingdoms?
Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protoctists and Prokaryotes
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Name the characteristics of Plants:
Contain chlorophyll, autotrophs so can make their own food, multicellular and have rigid cell walls.
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Name the characteristics of Animals:
Heterotrophs so feed from other organisms, multicellular but don't have cell walls or chlorophyll.
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Name the characteristics of Fungi:
Saprophytes so feed from dead organisms and decaying material and digest outside the body, multicellular and have cell walls but no chlorophyll.
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Name the characteristics of Protoctists:
Unicellular and have a nucleus e.g algae.
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Name the characteristics of Prokaryotes:
Unicellular but have no nucleus e.g bacteria.
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Why can't viruses be classified into a kingdom?
Most scientists believe they are non-living.
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What is the order of the taxonomic rank?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.
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What is the Phylum Chordata?
Contains animals that hace a supporting rod running through their body. Most are vertebrates.
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What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?
Vertebrates have a backbone and an internal skeleton whereas invertebrates don't, but some have an external skeleton.
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How are vertebrates put into classes?
They are divided into five classes (birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals) based on how they absorb oxygen, reproduce and regulate internal body temperature.
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What ways can vertebrates absorb oxygen?
Through lungs, gills and skin.
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What ways can vertebrates reproduce?
They fertilise either internally or externally and can be oviparous where they lay eggs, or viviparous where they give birth to live young.
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What ways can vertebrates regulate internal body temperature?
They can be homeotherms (warm-blooded and use homeostasis) or can be poikilotherms (cold-blooded and temperature changes with external temperature
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Why is it sometimes difficult to classify vertebrates?
Organisms sometimes have characteristics from more than one class, for example, the duck-billed platypus has similar features to a mammal like being homeothermic, but it is oviparous so lays eggs whereas mammals are viviparous so give birth to young.
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What is a species?
A group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring.
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What is asexual reproduction?
When a species reproduces from parts of their body or divides in two.
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What is a hybrid?
Where two species can interbreed and produce a hybrid offspring, however they're often infertile.
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What is a ring species?
A group of related populations that live in neighbouring areas, the groups living near to each other can produce fertile offspring, but the ones further apart can't.
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What is the Binomial System?
The naming system for species. It gives each species a two-part Latin name, the first referring to its genus and the second to the species.
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What has the Binomial System helped scientists to do?
Identify and study species to avoid confusion and share information on them, conserve species and target conservation efforts in order to protect species like in tropical rainforests where there are a big variety of species.
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What is a key?
A series of questions used to figure out what an unknown organism is by separating organisms into groups using obvious characteristics.
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What are the two causes of variation?
Genes and the environment.
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What is genetic variation?
Variation caused by genetics. All species are genetically different as they get genes from both parents. It can occur due to mutations which will change the organisms characteristics. Some are determined only by genes (eye colour and blood group).
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What is environmental variation?
Variation caused by environmental factors for example getting a suntan. It can be caused by diet, exercise, temperature, light level, amount of water etc.
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What is continuous variation?
When individuals in a population vary within a range and there are no distinct categories e.g humans can be any mass within a range and a tree can have any number of leaves within a range. They show a normal distribution curve.
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What is discontinuous variation?
When there are two or more distinct categories and each individual falls into only one e.g blood groups can only be A, B, AB or O and bacteria are either antibiotic-resistant or not.
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What practical can you do to show continuous variation?
Record the hand span of everyone in a group by spreading out your hand and measuring from the tip of the little finger to the tip of the thumb to collect a range of data to put in a graph to show a normal distribution curve.
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What practical can you do to show discontinuous variation?
Record the eye colour of everyone in a group and get data within distinct categories such as blue, brown etc. and present it in a graph.
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Why is it difficult for organisms to live in the deep sea and how have they adapted?
There is virtually no light which means plants can't grow so food is scarce. This means they can emit light which attracts pray for them to eat e.g the angler fish. Also have huge mouths e.g the rat-tail fish. And have huge eyes and long feelers.
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How have organisms adapted to living in volcanic vents?
Volcanic vents send hot water and minerals into the ocean. Chemicals are released which bacteria use to make food which is called chemosynthesis. Animals feed on bacteria as they're producers. Bacteria are adapted to heat & high pressured conditions.
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How have polar bears adapted to the arctic cold?
A compact shape gives them a small surface area to reduce heat loss. Thick layer of blubber for insulation. Thick hairy coats to trap warm air & greasy fur sheds water to stop cooling. Big feet so they don't sink into snow. White fur for camouflage.
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How have penguins adapted to the antarctic cold?
rs to shed water which rA thick layer of insulating fat and oily feathers which reduces heat loss. They also huddle together to conserve heat and have a streamlined body to reduce water resistance to swim fast and catch fish.
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What is the theory of natural selection?
Charles Darwin created the theory. When organisms give birth, more young die than survive to adulthood, survivors compete for food & ones with better adapted characteristics are more likely to survive and pass on useful genes. Others eventually die.
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What evidence can support evolution (the theory of natural selection)?
DNA research: organisms that are more closely related share a greater proportion of similar DNA e.g humans and chimps. Resistant organisms: Warfarin poison was used to kill rats but a gene passed on made some rats warfarin resistant.
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How does the scientific community validate evidence?
They publish work in scientific journals so other scientists can repeat the experiment to see if it's reliable. They also have peer review where other scientists read and validate their work. They have scientific conferences to discuss their work.
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What is speciation?
The development of a new species. It occurs when populations of the same species become so different they can't breed to produce fertile offspring.
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How does speciation happen?
Species are separated by a physical barrier like a flood, this means conditions on either side will be different so different characteristics will be more common in each side due to natural selection & after they will change so much they can't breed.
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Where is genetic material stored?
In the form of chromosomes inside of the nucleus. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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What is a gene?
A short piece of DNA at a particular point on a chromosome, a gene codes for a characteristic like eye colour.
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What is an allele?
Different versions of the same gene which give different versions of a characteristic like blue or brown eyes.
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What does homozygous mean?
When an organism has two alleles for a particular gene that are the same.
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What does heterozygous mean?
When an organism has two alleles for a particular gene that are different.
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What happens if the two alleles are different?
Only one characteristic can be present and the name for that allele is the dominant. The other one is the recessive.
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How can an organism display a recessive/dominant characteristic?
If both its alleles are recessive then it will display a recessive characteristic. To display a dominant characteristic just one allele needs to be dominant is it overrules the recessive allele.
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What does Hh hh HH mean in a genetic diagram?
Capital letters represent dominant characteristics and lower case represent recessive characteristics. This means any organism with at least one capital letter (HH Hh) will be dominated by the H, if both are lower case then that will dominate.
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What is Cystic Fibrosis?
When someone has two copies of a recessive allele for a cell membrane protein. Causes mucus in air passages, gut, pancreas much stickier and thicker. Symptoms - breathing problems, lung infections, malnutrition & fertility issues.
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How common is Cystic Fibrosis?
1 in 30 people carry the recessive allele 'f'. People with only one copy won't have it but are carriers, for a child to inherit both parents must be carriers or sufferers & if both parents carry it there is a 1/4 chance their child will have CF.
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What is Sickle Cell Anaemia?
When someone has two recessive alleles for the haemogoblin gene which makes red blood cells become sickle-shaped. Blood cells get stuck in capillaries and deprive cells of oxygen. Symptoms - tiredness, painful joints/muscles, fever & anaemia.
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What is a pedigree?
A diagram that works out the family inheritance of characteristics in a family. It helps predict whether someone will inherit a particular allele and be a carrier/sufferer.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Name the characteristics of Plants:

Back

Contain chlorophyll, autotrophs so can make their own food, multicellular and have rigid cell walls.

Card 3

Front

Name the characteristics of Animals:

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name the characteristics of Fungi:

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Name the characteristics of Protoctists:

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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