B1

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  • Created by: Shajitha
  • Created on: 11-02-18 11:10
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This controls the activities of the cell. It contains the organism's genetic material, arranged as chromosomes. This determines the cell's appearance and function. The nucleus also contains instructions to make new cells or new organisms.
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What is the Structure of DNA?
DNA is made up of two strands. These strands are joined together by bases. The strands are then twisted together. This forms a shape known as a double helix. DNA is made of lots of small units called nucleotide, which are joined together.
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What is Nucleotide made of?
Each nucleotide is made of a sugar (called deoxyribose), a phosphate group and a base. The two strands of DNA are held together by bonds between the bases.
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What are Enzymes?
Enzymes are made of protein. They are biological catalysts.
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What factors affect Enzymes?
The rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction depends on a number of factors including temperature and PH. It is also affected by the concentration of the enzyme and substrate. The condition in which an enzyme works the best are the optimum condition.
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How does temperature affect Enzyme-Controlled reactions?
At higher temperatures the enzyme and substrate molecules move faster and collide more often. In general, the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction. If the temperature is too high the enzyme would be denatured.
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How does PH affect Enzyme-Controlled reactions?
Each enzymes has its optimum PH. A change in PH affects the interactions between amino acids in a chain. This may make the enzyme unfold, changing the shape of the active site. The enzyme is denatured.
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What are Carbohydrates?
Some carbohydrates are polymers. They are mace from smaller carbohydrate molecules such as sugar. Inside your body, carbohydrase enzymes break down carbohydrates. The enzyme that breaks down starch is amylase.
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What are Proteins?
Proteins are also polymers.They are formed from amino acids. There are about 20 different amino acids. The order in which the amino acids are joined determines the protein that is synthesised.
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What are Lipids?
Lipids are the fats and oils that you eat. As well as being a good store of energy, some animals use them for insulation and buoyancy. In your body, lipase enzymes break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
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What is Respiration?
Your body continually transfers energy. Your energy comes from chemical stores in the food you eat. To transfer this energy, glucose reacts with oxygen in a series of chemical reaction called aerobic respiration.
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What is the chemical reaction for Aerobic Reaction?
Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water
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How do you respire without oxygen?
Your body starts to transfer energy from its chemical store in glucose by anaerobic respiration. This series of chemical reactions does not need oxygen. It allows the body to transfer extra energy for short periods of time.
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What is the chemical reaction of Anaerobic Reaction?
Glucose -> Lactic acid + Energy (ATP)
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What is Fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration in micro-organisms and plant cell produces ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid. This is fermentation. Fermentation is another example of anaerobic respiration, as the organism respires without oxygen.
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What is the chemical reaction for Fermentation?
Glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
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What is Photosynthesis?
To make food, plants have to take in carbon dioxide and water. The substances react to make glucose, which the plants use as food.
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What is the chemical reaction for Photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen
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Where does Photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis takes place inside the plant's chloroplasts. This means that photosynthesis mainly occurs in the leaf, but a small amount happens in the green stem.
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What happens to the Glucose produced?
The plant uses some of the glucose it makes immediately in respiration. Glucose that is not needed straight away is converted to starch.
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How can you test for Starch?
Heat a plant leaf in boiling water for 30 seconds. Heat it in boiling ethanol for a few minutes. Wash with water and spread onto a white tile add iodine solution from a dropping pipette. After a few minutes the parts that contain starch turn blue.
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How can you prove Chlorophyll is needed for Photosynthesis?
Variegated leaves only have chlorophyll in some areas of the leaf. This means some areas of the leaf appear green, whereas others are white. To prove chlorophyll is needed you should place a variegated plant in sunlight. You then test for starch.
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How can you prove Light is needed for Photosynthesis?
To prove light is needed for photosynthesis take a de-starched plant and cover part of one of its leaves with black card. Place the plant in sunlight for several hours. Finally, remove the card from the leaf and test for starch.
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How can you prove Carbon Dioxide is needed for Photosynthesis?
Take a de-starched plant, and place it inside a polythene bag. Before you close the bag add a pot of soda lime. This is a chemical that absorbs carbon dioxide and water. Place in the sunlight for several hours. Then test for starch.
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How can you prove Oxygen is given off during Photosynthesis?
Place an upturned test tube above an aquatic plant. Put the apparatus in the light for maximum photosynthesis. When you have collected a full tube of gas, place a glowing splint inside the tube. It will relight because of the oxygen present.
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What factors affect the rate of Photosynthesis?
Light intensity, Carbon dioxide and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis. These are called Limiting Factors. You can measure the rate of Photosynthesis by measuring how much oxygen or glucose a plant makes in a given time.
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What is the equation of Rate of Photosynthesis?
Rate = 1 ÷ t (t is time for the measurement to occur)
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How does Light Intensity affect the rate of Photosynthesis?
The higher the light intensity, the faster the rate of photosynthesis. This continues until photosynthesis reaches its maximum rate. In very low light level or if there is no light, photosynthesis stops.
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How does Carbon Dioxide affect the rate of Photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide is one of the reactants for photosynthesis. The greater the carbon dioxide concentration, the faster the rate of reaction. However, the atmosphere only contains about 0.04% carbon dioxide.
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How does temperature affect the rate of Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions. Therefore, the higher the temperature the faster the reactions occur. However, if the temperature is too high the enzymes will denature and the reaction will stop.
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How can you investigate the rate of Photosynthesis?
One way you can investigate the rate of photosynthesis is using Elodea/pond-weed. The volume of oxygen given off per minute is a measure of the rate of photosynthesis. You can measure this simply by counting the number of bubbles produced per minute.
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What is the equation of the Inverse Square Law?
Relative Light Intensity = 1 ÷ Distance from light source²
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DNA is made up of two strands. These strands are joined together by bases. The strands are then twisted together. This forms a shape known as a double helix. DNA is made of lots of small units called nucleotide, which are joined together.

Card 3

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