AS Psychology Attachment Basic Definitions

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Attachment
An emotional bond between the child and the principal caregiver.
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Imprinting
According to Konrad Lorenz, imprinting is the act of attachment but applied to animals. Lorenz famously worked with imprinting in geese.
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Monotropy
The attachment of an infant to a single main caregiver.
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Multiple attachments
Schaffer and Emerson (1964) showed that while some infants have a primary attachment figure, many form multiple attachments to more than one figure. Some children seem to have no preferred attachment figure.
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Innate
Refers to characteristics that are inborn, a product of genetic factors. Such traits may be apprent at birth or may appear later as a result of maturation (e.g. when a boy develops a beard).
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Continuity hypothesis
The idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults.
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Learning Theory
The name given to a group of explanations (classical and operant conditioning), which explains behaviour in terms of learning rather than any inborn tendencies or higher order thinking.
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Stranger anxiety
The distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
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Seperation anxiety
The distress shown by an infant when seperated from his/her primary caregiver figure.
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Insecure attachment
There are two types: anxious/avoidant and anxious/resistant.
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Anxious/avoidant attachment
A type of insecure attachment. Children explore less, show little distress on seperation and are not very nervous around strangers. Also known as Type A.
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Anxious/resistant attachment
A type of insecure attachment. Children show great distress when seperated from the caregiver and ambivalence on reunion.
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Strange Situation
A procedure for investigating attachment type in children, developed by Ainsworth and Bell (1970) but used subsequently by many researchers.
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Culture
All the things that make our society what it is, including laws, social norms and customs.
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Collectivist culture
A culture in which the importance is placed on the group as a whole, not the individual. Examples include Japan and China.
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Individualistic culture
A culture in which the importance is placed on individual success and achievement rather than the group as a whole. Examples include the United States and Great Britain.
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Deprivation
Where the was once an attachment that has now been broken.
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Privation
The situation where a child has never had the opportunity to form a close attachment.
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Instituitionalisation
Care that takes places in an institution, such as an orphanage.
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Day Care
This refers to a form of temporary care (i.e. not all day and night long), not given by family members or someone well known to the child, and usually outside the home. It is sometimes referred to as `non-parental care`.
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Social Development
That aspect of a child's growth concerned with the development of sociability, where the child learns how to relate to others, and with the process of socialisation, in which the child acquires the knowledge and skills appropriate to that society.
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Aggression
Intentional or unintentional harm directed towards others. Whether day care generates an increase in aggressive behaviour in children is unclear.
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Peer relations
Relationships with people of our own age and group.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

According to Konrad Lorenz, imprinting is the act of attachment but applied to animals. Lorenz famously worked with imprinting in geese.

Back

Imprinting

Card 3

Front

The attachment of an infant to a single main caregiver.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Schaffer and Emerson (1964) showed that while some infants have a primary attachment figure, many form multiple attachments to more than one figure. Some children seem to have no preferred attachment figure.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Refers to characteristics that are inborn, a product of genetic factors. Such traits may be apprent at birth or may appear later as a result of maturation (e.g. when a boy develops a beard).

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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