Less reactive with higher melting and boiling points as you go DOWN the group, all exist in molecule form, form ionic bonds with metals, more reactive ones will displace less reactive ones from an aq of it's salt
Good conductors, dense, strong, shiny, less reactive than Group 1 but are denser and have higher melting points (except mercury)
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Card 9
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Usually have more than one ion, are colourful due to the transition metal ion they contain, all make good catalysts
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Card 10
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Water that contains calcium and magnesium ions that limit the formation of a lather of soap, forms a scale (thermal insulator) when heated, the calcium ions are good for teeth and bones, lowers the risk of developing heart disease
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Card 11
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Water that does not contain ions
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Card 12
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Caused by the hydrocarbonate ion, can be removed by boiling or by adding sodium carbonate or by running it through ion exchange columns
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Card 13
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Can be softened by adding sodium carbonate or by running the water through ion exchange columns
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Card 14
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These contain lots of sodium or hydrogen atoms and 'exchange' them for calcium or magnesium ions in the water that runs through them
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Card 15
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Must be free of poisonous salts and harmful microbes, from a reservoir it is screened, the solids and microbes are removed before filtration then chlorination before it reaches the house
