What does most of the cloned B-cells develop into and what's their function?
They develop into plasma cells which synthesise&secrete large amounts of the antibody.
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Plasma cells are...?
Short-lived
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What happens after a few weeks of plasma cells being present?
Their numbers decrease, but their antibodies remain in the blood for some time then they eventually decrease in concentration
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Antibodies are globular proteins called...?
Immunoglobulins
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Antibodies are produced in the body by?
B-cells
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What are antitoxins?
Antibodies that may neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
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What are agglutinins?
Antibodies which clump/agglutinate bacteria for phagocytosis
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What 3 other functions does antibodies have?
-Attach to viruses, preventing them from entering and infecting host cells
-Destroy bacterial cell walls, causing lysis
-Attach to bacteria, enabling phagocytic cells to identify them
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What are some of the B-cells which remain in the blood known as?
Memory cells which live for a very long time
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What is the function of memory cells?
-If the same antigen is encountered again
-Memory cells rapidly clone to produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies
-Rapid response means that no infection is suffered(no time delay) for the second encounter
-Person has became immune to the disease
-Destroy infected cells directly by attaching to the antigens on the surface of the target cells and releasing perforin
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What does perforin do and cause?
Produces pores within the cell-surface membrane.Resulting in lysis and death of target cell.
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What else is released apart from perforin by the Killer T-cells?
Hydrolytic enzymes(granzymes) which are secreted to aid destruction of target cell
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What is the function of Helper T-cells?
Secrete cytokines(interferon/interleukin) which stimulate B-cells to produce plasma cells and increase antibody production
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What are cytokines?
Cell-signalling molecules that aid cell-to-cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of infection and inflammation
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What is an interferon?
A type of cytokine important in defending the body against viruses.
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What else does Helper T-Cells do?
Activate killer T-cells, activate macrophages and stimulate phagocytosis
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What do memory T-cells do?
Multiply very quickly if the same antigen appears again
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What do Suppressor T-cells do?
Release their own cytokines after the successful elimination of the pathogen.This signals the deactivation of T-cells-prevents an excessive reaction
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Killer T-cells destroy other cells such as?
Cancer (tumour) cells and Cells of transplanted tissue
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Plasma cells are...?
Back
Short-lived
Card 3
Front
What happens after a few weeks of plasma cells being present?
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