What does the general structure of penicillin contain?
Beta-lactam ring
Thiazolidine ring
Acyl side chain
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What is the main resistance mechanism of bacteria against penicillin?
The B-lactamase enzyme
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How does B-lactamase disable penicillin?
Breaks a bond in the B-lactam ring of penicillin
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What species are responsible for 70% of clinically prescribed antibiotics?
Streptomyces
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What are the antimicrobial targets?
Cell wall synthesis
DNA gyrase
RNA elongation
DNA-directed RNA polymerase
Protein synthesis
Cytoplasmic membrane structure
Folic acid metabolism
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What is the term used to describe antibiotics that prevent bacteria from growing?
Bacteriostatic
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What is the term used to describe antibiotics that kill the bacterium?
Bacteriocidal
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What type of bacteria is more susceptible to antibiotics?
Gram-positive
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Why are gram-negative bacteria less susceptible to antibiotics?
They have an extra layer (the outer membrane) for protection
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What do broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit?
Gram-positive and negative
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What do narrow-spectrum antibiotics inhibit?
Gram-positive
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What is the minimum inhibitory concentration?
The lowest drug concentration that prevents visible microorganism growth
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What does a low minimum inhibitory concentration show?
The drug is an effective antimicrobial agent
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What are some natural resistance mechanisms?
Lack of transporter
Lack of target
The outer membrane (permeability barrier)
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What are some acquired resistance mechanisms?
Vertical gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
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What is the term for when bacteria-specific viruses (bacteriophages) transfer DNA between two closely related bacteria?
Transduction
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What is the term for when parts of DNA are taken up by the bacteria from the external environment?
Transformation
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What is the term for when there is direct cell-cell contact between two bacteria and transfer of plasmids takes place? This is also the main mechanism of HCT
Conjugation
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What does the general structure of penicillin contain?
Back
Beta-lactam ring
Thiazolidine ring
Acyl side chain
Card 3
Front
What is the main resistance mechanism of bacteria against penicillin?
Back
Card 4
Front
How does B-lactamase disable penicillin?
Back
Card 5
Front
What species are responsible for 70% of clinically prescribed antibiotics?
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