Altered cells
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- Created by: evepoag
- Created on: 12-10-22 16:33
What is pathophysiology?
changes to the normal anatomy and physiology due to illness or disease, and how it affects the body
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What is altered cell biology?
gradual changes in the structure and function of cells in response to harmful external influences
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What is disease?
homeostasis has been lost, signs and symptoms are evident
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What is an illness?
the body is no longer in a state of normal health, ie: the body has adapted to the disease
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What happens when cell integrity is threatened?
the cell will try to adapt to try and function despite the threat
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What happens if there isn't enough reserve available or the body doesn't detect the abnormality, and so the cell doesn't adapt?
The cell dies
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What do diseases cause in relation to cells?
Cell injury
This causes them to stop working properly, or cell death
This causes them to stop working properly, or cell death
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If there IS enough cellular reserve available but the body does not detect the abnormality, what does the cell adapt by?
1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
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What is atrophy and give 3 examples of why it's caused?
A reversible reduction in the size of the cell
It occurs due to disease, insufficient blood flow, malnutrition
It occurs due to disease, insufficient blood flow, malnutrition
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What is hypertrophy and why is it caused?
An enlargement of cells due to an increased workload
It can occur from normal physiological conditions, ie: working out, or abnormal pathologic conditions, ie: enlarged heart
It can occur from normal physiological conditions, ie: working out, or abnormal pathologic conditions, ie: enlarged heart
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What is hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells
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What is dysplasia?
Deranged cell growth of specific tissues, resulted in abnormal size, shape and appearance
These precede cancer
These precede cancer
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What is aetiology?
the cause of a disease
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What is an idiopathic disease?
a disease with no known cause
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What is the disease's development called?
Pathogenesis
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What are the 2 types of diseases and what are they?
1. Communicable - caused by pathogens and can be transferred from one person to another
2. Non-communicable - not transferred between people or organisms
2. Non-communicable - not transferred between people or organisms
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Name 3 non-communicable diseases
1. cancer
2. diabetes
3. heart disease
2. diabetes
3. heart disease
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What are the 7 normal disease stages?
(split into 2 cards)
(split into 2 cards)
1. exposure/injury - tissue is injured
2. incubation period - no signs/symptoms
3. prodromal period - mild non-specific signs/symptoms
4. acute phase - full intensity and complications arise. If patient can still function at baseline, this is called subcl
2. incubation period - no signs/symptoms
3. prodromal period - mild non-specific signs/symptoms
4. acute phase - full intensity and complications arise. If patient can still function at baseline, this is called subcl
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What are the 7 normal disease stages?
(pt.2)
(pt.2)
5. remission - reduce signs/symptoms, commonly followed by another acute phase
6. convalescence - rehabilitation stage, patient progresses toward recovery after disease termination
7. recovery - patient regains health and normal function, no signs/symptom
6. convalescence - rehabilitation stage, patient progresses toward recovery after disease termination
7. recovery - patient regains health and normal function, no signs/symptom
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How can the body react to stress?
Successfully adapting to the change or failing to adapt
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If the body fails to adapt, what happens?
Disease may result
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What are the 4 stages of adaption to a stressful event?
1. alarm - stressor upsets homeostasis
2. resistance - body fights back by adjusting to stress
3. recovery - rest allows for enhanced adaption
OR
4. exhaustion - no rest results in lack of adaption, followed by injury and cell death
2. resistance - body fights back by adjusting to stress
3. recovery - rest allows for enhanced adaption
OR
4. exhaustion - no rest results in lack of adaption, followed by injury and cell death
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Communication controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems aim to do what?
redirect energy to the organ that is most affected by the stress
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In which stress adaptive phase does the body's fight-or-flight response occur?
Resistance phase
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What is cell injury and what are the 4 types?
Cells adapt to injury by using their reserves
1. Toxins
2. Infection
3. Physical Injury
4. Deficit
1. Toxins
2. Infection
3. Physical Injury
4. Deficit
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What is cell degeneration?
The pathological condition that causes cells to change in structure and function
Usually affects the metabolically active cells
Usually affects the metabolically active cells
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Where does non-lethal cell degeneration happen?
In the cytoplasm
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What causes cell degeneration?
Swelling, atrophy
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What does cell ageing cause?
Loss of structure (atrophy), and loss of function: (hypertrophy or hyperplasia)
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Name an intrinsic factor causing toxic injuries to cells
Hypersensitive reactions
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Name an extrinsic factor causing toxic injuries to cells
Alcohol
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How does infection affect cell integrity and cause cell injury?
Organisms affect the cell integrity by interfering with cell synthesis (growth), producing mutant cells
ie: HIV
ie: HIV
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What are the 4 types of infectious organisms?
1. viral
2. fungal
3. protozoal
4. bacterial
2. fungal
3. protozoal
4. bacterial
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Name 2 major types of physical injury causing cell injury
1. radiation
2. surgery
2. surgery
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Give examples of deficits causing cell injury
Deficit of water, oxygen, nutrients, poor temperatures
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How do deficits cause cell injury?
they inhibit cell synthesis, leading to cell death
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Why is fluid and electrolyte management vital?
it maintains tissue perfusion and balance of normal plasma components
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What is dehydration?
more fluid lost than taken in
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What is hypovolemia?
decrease in blood volume resulting from a loss of blood and/or plasma
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What is fluid overload?
too much fluid volume in the body
overloads the circulation, due to circulatory problems or fluid therapy
overloads the circulation, due to circulatory problems or fluid therapy
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What is oedema?
abnormal fluid retention in interstitial tissues
NOT a fluid excess problem, but a distribution problem
NOT a fluid excess problem, but a distribution problem
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What are the 3 acid-base electrolyte imbalances?
1. Respiratory acidosis
2. Metabolic acidosis
3. Respiratory alkalosis
2. Metabolic acidosis
3. Respiratory alkalosis
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What does hyper or hyponatremia affect?
sodium levels
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What does hyper or hypokalaemia affect?
potassium levels
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What makes up calcium?
phosphate and magnesium
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is altered cell biology?
Back
gradual changes in the structure and function of cells in response to harmful external influences
Card 3
Front
What is disease?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is an illness?
Back
Card 5
Front
What happens when cell integrity is threatened?
Back
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