Adaptations for transport: animals
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- Created by: chloesrevising
- Created on: 28-02-22 16:20
What is an example that has an open circulatory system
Insect
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Where is fluid pumped in an insect
HINT: what shape is the heart
HINT: what shape is the heart
Relatively low pressure from one main long dorsal (top) tube shaped heart running length of body
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What is the fluid, haemolymph, in insects used for
Where does the haemolymph go when the heart relaxes
Where does the haemolymph go when the heart relaxes
-Bathes tissues directly enabling exchange of substances
-Flows freely through body cavity
-Sucked slowly back to heart
-Low pressure + no control over direction of circulation
-Flows freely through body cavity
-Sucked slowly back to heart
-Low pressure + no control over direction of circulation
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Why is there no respiratory pigment in the insect haemolymph
Oxygen diffuses directly to respiring cells through tracheal system
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What are three examples of animals with a closed circulatory system
Mammals
Fish
Earthworms
Fish
Earthworms
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In mammals and fish, what does the blood circulate in
What kind of pump is the heart and what two things does it push blood at
What kind of pump is the heart and what two things does it push blood at
Fully enclosed system of tubes (blood vessels)
Muscular pump
High pressure and rapid flow rate
Muscular pump
High pressure and rapid flow rate
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In mammals and fish are the organs in direct contact with the blood
Does the blood contain a respiratory pigment
Does the blood contain a respiratory pigment
No - are bathed in tissue fluid
Yes - carries oxygen(haemoglobin)
Yes - carries oxygen(haemoglobin)
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In an earthworm, what two vessels run the length of the body
What hearts are in an earthworm
Do earthworms contain a respiratory pigment
What hearts are in an earthworm
Do earthworms contain a respiratory pigment
Dorsal(above) and ventral(below)
5 pairs of pseudo(false)hearts
Yes - carries oxygen
5 pairs of pseudo(false)hearts
Yes - carries oxygen
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What is the blood pressure in both circulatory systems
Is there direct contact with the organs in both
Is there direct contact with the organs in both
OPEN: low pressure as not in vessels
CLOSED: high pressure as in vessels
OPEN: haemolymph bathes directly as it leaves circulatory system
CLOSED: blood in the blood vessels so never has direct contact with organs
CLOSED: high pressure as in vessels
OPEN: haemolymph bathes directly as it leaves circulatory system
CLOSED: blood in the blood vessels so never has direct contact with organs
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Where is blood contained in both systems
OPEN: pumped from long dorsal tubular shaped heart into spaces in the body cavity
CLOSED: blood always within vessels including arteries, veins, capillaries
CLOSED: blood always within vessels including arteries, veins, capillaries
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What is the respiratory pigment in both systems
OPEN: o2 reaches gas exchange surface via tracheal system so no pigment is needed to carry oxygen round body
CLOSED: o2 diffuses into blood and carried round body in blood bound to the hb(pigment)
CLOSED: o2 diffuses into blood and carried round body in blood bound to the hb(pigment)
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Where is oxygen transported in both systems
OPEN: o2 transported directly to tissues
CLOSED: o2 transported from lungs to heart and then to capillaries in body tissues
CLOSED: o2 transported from lungs to heart and then to capillaries in body tissues
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What is an example of an animal with a single closed circulatory system
What does this mean
What does this mean
fish
Blood passes through heart once in one complete circulation
Blood passes through heart once in one complete circulation
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What is an example of an animal with a double closed circulatory system
What does this mean
What does this mean
mammal
Blood passes through heart twice in one complete circulation
Has to move blood at same rate to pulmonary(closer to heart) as the systemic circulation (further from heart)
Blood passes through heart twice in one complete circulation
Has to move blood at same rate to pulmonary(closer to heart) as the systemic circulation (further from heart)
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What are the two circuits in a double closed circulation
Pulmonary-lungs and closer to heart
{all blood vessels involved in transporting blood between heart + lungs}
Systemic-body and further from heart
{all blood vessels involved in transporting blood from heart to rest of the body and back to heart excluding
{all blood vessels involved in transporting blood between heart + lungs}
Systemic-body and further from heart
{all blood vessels involved in transporting blood from heart to rest of the body and back to heart excluding
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What are some advantages of double circulation over single circulation
Maintains high blood pressure in systemic circulation-increased rate of flow to tissues=increased oxygen supply for aerobic respiration
Lower pressure in pulmonary circulation-decreases flow rate to lungs reducing build up of tissue fluid in lungs reduci
Lower pressure in pulmonary circulation-decreases flow rate to lungs reducing build up of tissue fluid in lungs reduci
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What are more advantages
Rapid circulation in systemic-in order to move blood large distance the left side of the heart requires thick muscle to generate high pressure and a faster circulation
Thinner muscle on right side pumps blood a shorter distance from heart to lungs
Thinner muscle on right side pumps blood a shorter distance from heart to lungs
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Final advantage
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood kept seperate - maintains steep conc gradient for 02 at tissues + co2 in lungs for efficient gas exchange
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What is an artery
What is a vein
What is a capillary
What is a vein
What is a capillary
Transports blood away from heart - oxygenated excluding pulmonary
Transport blood to heart - deoxygenated excluding pulmonary
Smallest vessels allowing exchange of substances with body cells
Transport blood to heart - deoxygenated excluding pulmonary
Smallest vessels allowing exchange of substances with body cells
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What do arterioles require
What is the role of the valves
What is the role of the valves
thick layer of smooth muscle to regulate blood flow in vasoconstiction(less bloodflow) and vasodilation(more bloodflow)
prevent backflow of blood contractions of skeletal muscles + help return blood to heart
prevent backflow of blood contractions of skeletal muscles + help return blood to heart
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Structure of artery
Thick outer layer of collagen fibres
Thick inner layer of muscle + elastin
Endothelium (one cell thick)
Narrow lumen
1-25mm
Thick inner layer of muscle + elastin
Endothelium (one cell thick)
Narrow lumen
1-25mm
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Structure of vein
Collagen fibres
Elastic fibres + smooth muscle
Endothelium
Wide lumen
1-15mm
Elastic fibres + smooth muscle
Endothelium
Wide lumen
1-15mm
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Structure of capillary
Endothelium
5-10um
5-10um
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What is the endothelium
Why is it an important feature
Why is it an important feature
Most innermost layer and provides smooth lining
Reduces friction to reduce resistance to blood flow
Provides short diffusion distance (one cell thick in capillaries)
Reduces friction to reduce resistance to blood flow
Provides short diffusion distance (one cell thick in capillaries)
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What is the elastic fibres and smooth muscle
Smooth muscle function in arteries
Elastic fibre function in arteries
Smooth muscle function in arteries
Elastic fibre function in arteries
Middle layer, in arteries the layer is much thicker than in veins
withstands high blood pressure produced by hearts pumping action and can contract/relax directing bloodflow
Stretch+recoil maintaining high blood pressure
withstands high blood pressure produced by hearts pumping action and can contract/relax directing bloodflow
Stretch+recoil maintaining high blood pressure
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What are collagen fibres and what are they resistant to
Outer layer of vessels and are resistant to over stretching
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What does the veins wide diameter lumen mean for the delivery of blood
Why do veins have thin walls
What does the thin muscle layer being able to be compressed easily allow
Why do veins have thin walls
What does the thin muscle layer being able to be compressed easily allow
can deliver large volumes of blood back to heart
pressure inside lower due to further distance from heart
contracting skeletal muscles to squeeze veins and push blood up towards heart
pressure inside lower due to further distance from heart
contracting skeletal muscles to squeeze veins and push blood up towards heart
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What do pocket valves ensure
How do these work
Why do veins above heart have no valves
How do these work
Why do veins above heart have no valves
Blood flows in one direction - to heart
-blood tries to flow back
-blood fills pocket above valve
-forces valve shut
gravity draws blood down to heart
-blood tries to flow back
-blood fills pocket above valve
-forces valve shut
gravity draws blood down to heart
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Why do arteries have thick layer of smooth muscle
Why do arteries have thick layer of elastic fibres
What does the arterioles being able to adjust their diameter mean
Why do arteries have thick layer of elastic fibres
What does the arterioles being able to adjust their diameter mean
withstand high blood pressure
maintain high blood pressure
vary blood supply to capillary bed
maintain high blood pressure
vary blood supply to capillary bed
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What is the one thing capillaries consist of
What are the capillary walls permeable to and what do the thin walls allow for
What does the narrow lumen restrict and what does thus allow more time for
What are the capillary walls permeable to and what do the thin walls allow for
What does the narrow lumen restrict and what does thus allow more time for
endothelium and one cell thick
water+dissolved substances e.g 02 and allow for efficient exchange of materials and gases as shorter diffusion path and larger cross sectional area
restricts blood flow =more time for exchange of materials at tissues
water+dissolved substances e.g 02 and allow for efficient exchange of materials and gases as shorter diffusion path and larger cross sectional area
restricts blood flow =more time for exchange of materials at tissues
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What is the function of the tendinous chords in the heart
When the ventricles contract the increases blood pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close simultaenously preventing backflow of blood into atria
prevent valves inverting into the atria
prevent valves inverting into the atria
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what two ways can ethical issues be considered when using animals for dissection
treated humanely
ensure no animals are killed needlessly
ensure no animals are killed needlessly
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what is function of aorta
function of vena cavae
function of pulmonary artery
function of vena cavae
function of pulmonary artery
largest artery, transports blood from heart to body
two veins that carry deoxygenated blood to heart from upper and lower parts of body
transport deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs for gas exchange
two veins that carry deoxygenated blood to heart from upper and lower parts of body
transport deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs for gas exchange
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function of pulonary veins
function of coronary arteries
function of coronary veins
function of coronary arteries
function of coronary veins
transport oxygenated blood from lungs back to heart
supply heart cells with oxygenated blood and glucose
remove deoxygenated blood from cardiac muscle
supply heart cells with oxygenated blood and glucose
remove deoxygenated blood from cardiac muscle
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what happens in the first stage of the cardiac cycle : atrial systole (contraction)
both atria contract at the same time forcing tricuspid valve and picuspid valves open.
blood flows from atria(high pressure) into ventricle(lower pressure)
blood backflow into veins prevented by closure of valves in veins
blood flows from atria(high pressure) into ventricle(lower pressure)
blood backflow into veins prevented by closure of valves in veins
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what happens in the second stage of the cardiac cycle : ventricular systole
(contraction)
(contraction)
ventricles contract at same time forcing blood up+out heart(high pressure) into arteries(low pressure)
bicuspid+tricuspid valves close due to pressure from blood in ventricles preventing blood backflow into atria
semilunar valves in aorta and pulonary a
bicuspid+tricuspid valves close due to pressure from blood in ventricles preventing blood backflow into atria
semilunar valves in aorta and pulonary a
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what happens in third stage of cardiac cycle: diastole (relaxation)
atria+ventricles relax making low pressure in heart
semilunar valves close due to blood in aorta(high pressure) trying to flow backwards into ventricles(low pressure)
blood flows from veins(high pressure)through atria into ventricles
semilunar valves close due to blood in aorta(high pressure) trying to flow backwards into ventricles(low pressure)
blood flows from veins(high pressure)through atria into ventricles
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why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle
produces higher pressure as left ventricle pumps blood to body
to move blood such large distance, right ventricle pumps blood to lungs which is a shorter distance from heart so needs lower pressure
to move blood such large distance, right ventricle pumps blood to lungs which is a shorter distance from heart so needs lower pressure
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when do the atrio ventricular valves
(tri+bi cuspid valves) open
when do they close
(tri+bi cuspid valves) open
when do they close
pressure of blood in atria is greater than in ventricles
pressure of blood in ventrcles greater than in atria
pressure of blood in ventrcles greater than in atria
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when do semi lunar valves open
when do they close
when do they close
pressure in ventricles is greater than aorta and pulmonary artery
pressure in arteries greater than ventricles and blood tries to flow backwards
pressure in arteries greater than ventricles and blood tries to flow backwards
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In arteries where does the highest pressure occur
What does the rythmic rise and fall correspond to
What maintains this pressure
Why does the pressure here never fall to 0
What does the rythmic rise and fall correspond to
What maintains this pressure
Why does the pressure here never fall to 0
aorta/arteries closest to heart
ventricular contraction and relaxation
elastic fibres
semi lunar valves close
ventricular contraction and relaxation
elastic fibres
semi lunar valves close
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in arterioles what is the friction with that causes a progressive drop in pressure
what two feautures do arterioles have causing this drop
what does the pressure depend on
what two feautures do arterioles have causing this drop
what does the pressure depend on
friction with vessel walls
large total cross sectional area
relatively narrow lumen
dilated or constricted
large total cross sectional area
relatively narrow lumen
dilated or constricted
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what two things reduce the flow rate and decrease pressure in the capillaries
what is forced out into tissues to further this
why is the mean pressure in lung capillary lower than muscle capillary
what is forced out into tissues to further this
why is the mean pressure in lung capillary lower than muscle capillary
small diamater, friciton with walls
some fluid
reduced flow rate allowing more time for gas exchange
less tissue fluid produced
some fluid
reduced flow rate allowing more time for gas exchange
less tissue fluid produced
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why is the return flow to the heart in veins non-rythmic
why does the low pressure here not fall to zero
why does the low pressure here not fall to zero
veins too far from heart to be affected by contraction and reelaxation
massaging effect of skeletal muscles
massaging effect of skeletal muscles
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what does the heart muscle being myogenic mean
heartbeat initiated from within muscle itself and not due to external stimulation
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1) in controlling heartbeat,
-where is the sino atriul node (SAN)
-what is it made of
-what does it act as
-where is the sino atriul node (SAN)
-what is it made of
-what does it act as
wall of right atrium
region of specialised cardiac fibres
pacemaker
region of specialised cardiac fibres
pacemaker
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2) where does the wave of depolarisation arise
what kind of impulse is this
what happens once this impulse has arrised
what kind of impulse is this
what happens once this impulse has arrised
at the SAN
electrical
nerve impulses spread over the two atria causing them to contract simultaneously - right then left
electrical
nerve impulses spread over the two atria causing them to contract simultaneously - right then left
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3) what prevents the electrical stimulation spreading to the ventricles
what does this act as
what musnt the muscles of the venticles start to do until the muscles of the atria have finished contracting
what does this act as
what musnt the muscles of the venticles start to do until the muscles of the atria have finished contracting
thin layer of connective tissue
layer of electrical insulation
start to contract
layer of electrical insulation
start to contract
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4) what does the short delay allow for
where does the nerve impulse reach after the short delay
where does the lie
where does this pass the impulse to
where does the nerve impulse reach after the short delay
where does the lie
where does this pass the impulse to
time for ventricles to fill up with blood
atrio ventricular node (AVN)
between two atria
ventricles
atrio ventricular node (AVN)
between two atria
ventricles
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5) where is the impulse passed from the AVN
what does the bundle branch into
where are these located
where do they carry the wave of depolirisation
what does the bundle branch into
where are these located
where do they carry the wave of depolirisation
down bundle of his to apex of heart
purkinje fibres
ventricular walls
upwards through ventricle muscle
purkinje fibres
ventricular walls
upwards through ventricle muscle
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6) what does the impulse cause the cardiac muscle in each ventricle to do
where does this force blood
where does this force blood
contract simultaneously from apex upwards
up and out of the heart
up and out of the heart
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what is an ECG
what do electrodes placed on the skin detect
where are these electrical signals then shown
what is the record produced by this
what do electrodes placed on the skin detect
where are these electrical signals then shown
what is the record produced by this
electrocardiogram
electrical activity that spreads through heart during cardiac cycle
cathode ray osccilloscope/chart recorder
ECG
electrical activity that spreads through heart during cardiac cycle
cathode ray osccilloscope/chart recorder
ECG
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What does the P wave on an ECG show
What does QRS wave show
What does t wave represent
What does QRS wave show
What does t wave represent
first part of trace shows depolirisation of atria in atrial systole
spread of depolirisation through ventricles = ventricular systole
relaxation + repolirisation of ventricular muscle in ventricular diastole
spread of depolirisation through ventricles = ventricular systole
relaxation + repolirisation of ventricular muscle in ventricular diastole
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What does the length of a PR interval on an ECG indicate
Why is the QRS wave bigger than the P wave
Why is the QRS wave bigger than the P wave
transit time for the electrical signal to travel from the SAN to the ventricles
ventricles have more muscle than the atria so amplitude is bigger than the P wave
ventricles have more muscle than the atria so amplitude is bigger than the P wave
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How do you calculate heart rate from an ECG
How do you calculate cardiac output
How do you calculate cardiac output
length of cycle = time taken between equivalent points on the trace
heart rate x stroke volume
heart rate x stroke volume
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Where is fluid pumped in an insect
HINT: what shape is the heart
HINT: what shape is the heart
Back
Relatively low pressure from one main long dorsal (top) tube shaped heart running length of body
Card 3
Front
What is the fluid, haemolymph, in insects used for
Where does the haemolymph go when the heart relaxes
Where does the haemolymph go when the heart relaxes
Back
Card 4
Front
Why is there no respiratory pigment in the insect haemolymph
Back
Card 5
Front
What are three examples of animals with a closed circulatory system
Back
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